Multiple-viewpoints related metadata transmission and reception method and apparatus

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a 360-degree video data processing method performed by a 360-degree video transmission apparatus, the method comprising: obtaining 360-degree video data captured by at least one image obtaining device; deriving a two-dimensional (2D) picture comprising omnidirectional image by processing the 360-degree video data; generating metadata for the 360-degree video data; encoding information on the 2D picture; and performing encapsulation based on the encoded picture and the metadata, wherein the metadata comprises information on viewpoint group ID, and wherein multiple-viewpoints related to the 360-degree video data are categorized into at least one viewpoint group based on the viewpoint group ID.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119 (e), this application claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application No. 62/653,490, filed on Apr. 5, 2018, thecontents of which are all hereby incorporated by reference herein intheir entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to metadata for 360-degree video data, andmore particularly to a method and an apparatus for transmitting andreceiving metadata related to multiple-viewpoints.

Related Art

A virtual reality (VR) system provides a user with sensory experiencesthrough which the user may feel as if he/she were in an electronicallyprojected environment. An Augmented Reality (AR) system overlay athree-dimensional (3D) virtual image on an actual image or background ofa real word, thereby allowing a user to feel as if the user is placed inan environment where a virtual reality and the real word are mixed. Asystem for providing VR may be further improved in order to providehigher-quality images and spatial sound. The VR or AR system may enablethe user to interactively enjoy VR or AR content

With increasing demands for VR or AR contents, there are increasing needto develop a method for signaling information on multiple-viewpoints inthe VR or AR contents.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A technical object of the present invention is to provide a method andan apparatus for processing 360-degree video data

Another technical object of the present invention is to provide a methodand an apparatus for transmitting or receiving metadata for 360-degreevideo data.

Yet another technical object of the present invention is to provide amethod and an apparatus for transmitting and receiving metadata formultiple-viewpoints.

Yet another technical object of the present invention is to provide amethod and an apparatus for transmitting and receiving information onviewpoint group ID of multiple-viewpoints.

Yet another technical object of the present invention is to provide amethod and an apparatus for categorizing multiple-viewpoints into atleast one viewpoint group based on information on viewpoint group ID ofthe multiple-viewpoints.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a360-degree video data processing method performed by a 360-degree videotransmission apparatus. The 360-degree video data processing methodincludes: obtaining 360-degree video data captured by at least one imageobtaining device; deriving a two-dimensional (2D) picture comprisingomnidirectional image by processing the 360-degree video data;generating metadata for the 360-degree video data; encoding informationon the 2D picture; and performing encapsulation based on the encodedpicture and the metadata, wherein the metadata comprises information onviewpoint group ID, and wherein multiple-viewpoints related to the360-degree video data are categorized into at least one viewpoint groupbased on the viewpoint group ID.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, there isprovided a 360-degree video transmission apparatus processing 360-degreevideo data. The 360-degree video transmission apparatus includes: a datainput unit configured to acquire 360-degree video data captured by atleast one image obtaining device; a projection processor configured toprocess the 360-degree video data to thereby obtain a two-dimensional(2D) picture including an omnidirectional image; a metadata processorconfigured to generate metadata for the 360-degree video data; a dataencoder configured to encode information on the 2D picture; and anencapsulation processor configured to perform encapsulation based on theinformation on the 2D picture and the metadata, wherein the metadatacomprises information on viewpoint group ID, and whereinmultiple-viewpoints related to the 360-degree video data are categorizedinto at least one viewpoint group based on the viewpoint group ID.

According to yet another embodiment of the present invention there isprovided a 360-degree video data processing method performed by a360-degree video reception apparatus. The 360-degree video dataprocessing method includes: receiving information on 360-degree videodata; acquiring information on an encoded picture and metadata from theinformation on the 360-degree video data; decoding the encoded picturebased on the information on the encoded picture; rendering the decodedpicture based on the metadata, wherein the metadata comprisesinformation on viewpoint group ID, and wherein multiple-viewpointsrelated to the 360-degree video data are categorized into at least oneviewpoint group based on the viewpoint group ID.

According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, there isprovided a 360-degree video reception apparatus processing 360-degreevideo data. The 360-degree video reception apparatus includes: areception processor configured to receive information on 360-degreevideo data and acquire information on an encoded picture and metadatafrom the information on the 360-degree video data; a decoder configuredto decode the encoded picture based on the information on the encodedpicture; and a renderer configured to render the decoded picture basedon the metadata, wherein the metadata comprises information on viewpointgroup ID, and wherein multiple-viewpoints related to the 360-degreevideo data are categorized into at least one viewpoint group based onthe viewpoint group ID.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an overall architecture for providing 360contents according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 2 and 3 are diagrams illustrating the structure of a media fileaccording to an aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the overall operation of a DynamicAdaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH)-based adaptive streaming modelaccording to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically showing configuration of a 360 videotransmission apparatus according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration of a 360video reception apparatus according to an embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the concept of aircraft principal axes fordescribing 3D space according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 exemplarily shows a 2D image having underwent 360-degree videoprocessing process and a region-wise packing process according to aprojection format.

FIGS. 9A to 9B exemplarily show projection formats according to someembodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are diagrams showing tiles according to someembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an example of 360-degree-video relatedmetadata according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 schematically shows concepts of a view point, a viewingposition, and a viewing orientation.

FIG. 13 is a diagram schematically showing an example of architecturefor providing 3DoF+ video according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 14A and 14B are diagrams showing an example of architecture of athree Degrees of Freedom Plus (3DoF+) end-to-end system.

FIG. 15 is a diagram schematically showing an example of Framework forLive Uplink Streaming (FLUS) architecture.

FIG. 16 is a diagram schematically showing an example of configurationof a 3DoF+ transmission point.

FIG. 17 is a diagram schematically showing an example of configurationof a 3DoF+ reception point.

FIGS. 18A to 18C are diagrams showing an example for describingmultiple-viewpoints included in 360-degree content.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart showing an operation method of a 360-degree videotransmission apparatus according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram showing configuration of a 360-degree videotransmission apparatus according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 21 is a flowchart showing an operation method of a 360-degree videoreception apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 22 is a block diagram showing configuration of a 360-degree videoreception apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Technical features described in the following may apply to a standardset by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), and may be employed invideo, image, or audio-related fields. For example, a method orembodiment disclosed in the following description may be related todisclosure of MPEG-I standard (ISO/IEC 23090), or disclosure ofnext-generation standards following the MPEG-I standard (ISO/IEC 23090).

The present invention may be modified in various forms, and specificembodiments thereof will be described and illustrated in the drawings.However, the embodiments are not intended for limiting the invention.The terms used in the following description are used to merely describespecific embodiments, but are not intended to limit the invention. Anexpression of a singular number includes an expression of the pluralnumber, so long as it is clearly read differently. The terms such as“include” and “have” are intended to indicate that features, numbers,steps, operations, elements, components, or combinations thereof used inthe following description exist and it should be thus understood thatthe possibility of existence or addition of one or more differentfeatures, numbers, steps, operations, elements, components, orcombinations thereof is not excluded.

On the other hand, elements in the drawings described in the inventionare independently drawn for the purpose of convenience for explanationof different specific functions, and do not mean that the elements areembodied by independent hardware or independent software. For example,two or more elements of the elements may be combined to form a singleelement, or one element may be divided into plural elements. Theembodiments in which the elements are combined and/or divided belong tothe invention without departing from the concept of the invention.

Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will bedescribed in more detail with reference to the attached drawings.Hereinafter, the same reference numbers will be used throughout thisspecification to refer to the same components and redundant descriptionof the same component may be omitted.

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an overall architecture for providing 360contents according to an embodiment of the present invention.

In the present specification, “image” may refer to a concept including astill image and a video that is a group of still images over time. Inaddition, the “video” does not necessarily refer to a group of stillimages over time, and, in some cases, a still image may be construed asbeing included in a video.

In order to provide a user with Virtual Reality (VR), a scheme for 360content provision may be considered. Here, the 360-degree content may becalled a three Degrees of Freedom (3DoF) contents, and VR may meantechnology or an environment for replicating an actual or virtualenvironment or may mean the actual or virtual environment itself. VRartificially allow a user to experience with senses, and, through thisexperience, the user may feel as if he/she were in an electronicallyprojected environment.

The term “360 content” means all content for realizing and providing VR,and may include 360-degree video and/or 360 audio. The term “360-degreevideo” and/or “360 audio” may be called a three-dimensional video and/ora three-dimensional audio. The term “360-degree video” may mean video orimage content that is captured or reproduced in all directions (360degrees) at the same time, which is necessary to provide VR.Hereinafter, the 360-degree video may refer to a 260-video. The360-degree video may refer to a video or an image that appears invarious kinds of 3D spaces depending on 3D models. For example, the360-degree video may appear on a spherical surface. The term “360audio”, which is audio content for providing VR, may refer to spatialaudio content in which the origin of a sound is recognized as beinglocated in a specific 3D space. The 360 audio may be called 3D audio.The 360 content may be generated, processed, and transmitted to users,who may enjoy a VR experience using the 360 content. Hereinafter, 360video may be called an omnidirectional video, and the 360 image may becalled an omnidirectional image.

In order to provide a 360-degree video, the 360-degree video may becaptured using at least one camera. The captured 360-degree video may betransmitted through a series of processes, and a reception side mayprocess and render the received data into the original 360-degree video.As a result, the 360-degree video may be provided to a user.

Specifically, the overall processes of providing the 360-degree videomay include a capturing process, a preparation process, a deliveryprocess, a processing process, a rendering process, and/or a feedbackprocess.

The capture process may refer to a process of capturing images or videosfor a plurality of viewpoints through one or more cameras. Image/videodata 110 shown in FIG. 1 may be generated through the capture process.Each plane of 110 in FIG. 1 may represent an image/video for eachviewpoint. A plurality of captured images/videos may be referred to asraw data. Metadata related to capture can be generated during thecapture process.

For capture, a special camera for VR may be used. When a 360 video withrespect to a virtual space generated by a computer is provided accordingto an embodiment, capture through an actual camera may not be performed.In this case, a process of simply generating related data can substitutefor the capture process.

The preparation process may be a process of processing capturedimages/videos and metadata generated in the capture process. Capturedimages/videos may be subjected to a stitching process, a projectionprocess, a region-wise packing process and/or an encoding process duringthe preparation process.

First, each image/video may be subjected to the stitching process. Thestitching process may be a process of connecting captured images/videosto generate one panorama image/video or spherical image/video.

Subsequently, stitched images/videos may be subjected to the projectionprocess. In the projection process, the stitched images/videos may beprojected on 2D image. The 2D image may be called a 2D image frameaccording to context. Projection on a 2D image may be referred to asmapping to a 2D image. Projected image/video data may have the form of a2D image 120 in FIG. 1.

The video data projected on the 2D image may undergo the region-wisepacking process in order to improve video coding efficiency. Theregion-wise packing process may be a process of individually processingthe video data projected on the 2D image for each region. Here, the term“regions” may indicate divided parts of the 2D image on which the360-degree video data are projected. In some embodiments, regions may bepartitioned by uniformly or arbitrarily dividing the 2D image. Also, insome embodiments, regions may be partitioned depending on a projectionscheme. The region-wise packing process is optional, and thus may beomitted from the preparation process.

In some embodiments, in order to improve video coding efficiency, thisprocess may include a process of rotating each region or rearranging theregions on the 2D image. For example, the regions may be rotated suchthat specific sides of the regions are located so as to be adjacent toeach other, whereby coding efficiency may be improved.

In some embodiments, this process may include a process of increasing ordecreasing the resolution of a specific region in order to change theresolution for areas on the 360-degree video. For example, regionscorresponding to relatively important areas in the 360-degree video mayhave higher resolution than other regions. The video data projected onthe 2D image or the region-wise packed video data may undergo theencoding process via a video codec.

In some embodiments, the preparation process may further include anediting process. At the editing process, image/video data before andafter projection may be edited. At the preparation process, metadata forstitching/projection/encoding/editing may be generated in the samemanner. In addition, metadata for the initial viewport of the video dataprojected on the 2D image or a region of interest (ROI) may begenerated.

The delivery process may be a process of processing and delivering theimage/video data that have undergone the preparation process and themetadata. Processing may be performed based on an arbitrary transportprotocol for delivery. The data that have been processed for deliverymay be delivered through a broadcast network and/or a broadbandconnection. The data may be delivered to the reception side in anon-demand manner. The reception side may receive the data throughvarious paths.

The processing process may be a process of decoding the received dataand re-projecting the projected image/video data on a 3D model. In thisprocess, the image/video data projected on the 2D image may bere-projected in a 3D space. Depending on the context, this process maybe called mapping or projection. At this time, the mapped 3D space mayhave different forms depending on the 3D model. For example, the 3Dmodel may be a sphere, a cube, a cylinder, or a pyramid.

In some embodiments, the processing process may further include anediting process and an up-scaling process. At the editing process, theimage/video data before and after re-projection may be edited. In thecase where the image/video data are down-scaled, the size of theimage/video data may be increased through up-scaling at the up-scalingprocess. As needed, the size of the image/video data may be decreasedthrough down-scaling.

The rendering process may be a process of rendering and displaying theimage/video data re-projected in the 3D space. Depending on the context,a combination of re-projection and rendering may be expressed asrendering on the 3D model. The image/video re-projected on the 3D model(or rendered on the 3D model) may have the form as indicated by 130 inFIG. 1. The image/video indicated by 130 in FIG. 1 is re-projected on aspherical 3D model. The user may view a portion of the renderedimage/video through a VR display. At this time, the portion of theimage/video viewed by the user may have the form shown in (140) of FIG.1.

The feedback process may be a process of transmitting various kinds offeedback information that may be acquired at a display process to atransmission side. Interactivity may be provided in enjoying the360-degree video through the feedback process. In some embodiments, headorientation information, information about a viewport, which indicatesthe area that is being viewed by the user, etc. may be transmitted tothe transmission side in the feedback process. In some embodiments, theuser may interact with what is realized in the VR environment. In thiscase, information related to the interactivity may be provided to thetransmission side or to a service provider side at the feedback process.In some embodiments, the feedback process may not be performed.

The head orientation information may be information about the position,angle, and movement of the head of the user. Information about the areathat is being viewed by the user in the 360-degree video, i.e. theviewport information, may be calculated based on this information.

The viewport information may be information about the area that is beingviewed by the user in the 360-degree video. Gaze analysis may beperformed therethrough, and therefore it is possible to check the mannerin which the user enjoys the 360-degree video, the area of the360-degree video at which the user gazes, and the amount of time duringwhich the user gazes at the 360-degree video. The gaze analysis may beperformed on the reception side and may be delivered to the transmissionside through a feedback channel. An apparatus, such as a VR display, mayextract a viewport area based on the position/orientation of the head ofthe user, a vertical or horizontal FOV that is supported by theapparatus, etc.

In some embodiments, the feedback information may not only be deliveredto the transmission side, but may also be used in the reception side.That is, the decoding, re-projection, and rendering processes may beperformed in the reception side using the feedback information. Forexample, only the portion of the 360-degree video that is being viewedby the user may be decoded and rendered first using the head orientationinformation and/or the viewport information.

Here, the viewport or the viewport area may be the portion of the360-degree video that is being viewed by the user. The viewport, whichis the point in the 360-degree video that is being viewed by the user,may be the very center of the viewport area. That is, the viewport is anarea based on the viewport. The size or shape of the area may be set bya field of view (FOV), a description of which will follow.

In the entire architecture for 360-degree video provision, theimage/video data that undergo a series ofcapturing/projection/encoding/delivery/decoding/re-projection/renderingprocesses may be called 360-degree video data. The term “360-degreevideo data” may be used to conceptually include metadata or signalinginformation related to the image/video data.

In order to store and transmit media data such as the above-describedaudio or video, a formalized media file format may be defined. In someembodiments, the media file according to the present invention may havea file format based on ISO base media file format (ISO BMFF).

FIGS. 2 and 3 are diagrams illustrating the structure of a media fileaccording to an aspect of the present invention.

The media file according to an embodiment may include at least one box.Here, a box may be a data block or an object including media data ormetadata related to media data. Boxes may be in a hierarchical structureand thus data can be classified and media files can have a formatsuitable for storage and/or transmission of large-capacity media data.Further, media files may have a structure which allows users to easilyaccess media information such as moving to a specific point of mediacontent.

The media file according to an embodiment may include an ftyp box, amoov box and/or an mdat box.

The ftyp box (file type box) can provide file type or compatibilityrelated information about the corresponding media file. The ftyp box mayinclude configuration version information about media data of thecorresponding media file. A decoder can identify the corresponding mediafile with reference to ftyp box.

The moov box (movie box) may be a box including metadata about mediadata of the corresponding media file. The moov box may serve as acontainer for all metadata. The moov box may be a highest layer amongboxes related to metadata. According to an embodiment, only one moov boxmay be present in a media file.

The mdat box (media data box) may be a box containing actual media dataof the corresponding media file. Media data may include audio samplesand/or video samples. The mdat box may serve as a container containingsuch media samples.

According to an embodiment, the aforementioned moov box may furtherinclude an mvhd box, a trak box and/or an mvex box as lower boxes.

The mvhd box (movie header box) may include information related to mediapresentation of media data included in the corresponding media file.That is, the mvhd box may include information such as a media generationtime, change time, time standard and period of corresponding mediapresentation.

The trak box (track box) can provide information about a track ofcorresponding media data. The trak box can include information such asstream related information, presentation related information and accessrelated information about an audio track or a video track. A pluralityof trak boxes may be present depending on the number of tracks.

The trak box may further include a tkhd box (track head box) as a lowerbox. The tkhd box can include information about the track indicated bythe trak box. The tkhd box can include information such as a generationtime, a change time and a track identifier of the corresponding track.

The mvex box (movie extend box) can indicate that the correspondingmedia file may have a moof box which will be described later. Torecognize all media samples of a specific track, moof boxes may need tobe scanned.

According to an embodiment, the media file according to an embodimentmay be divided into a plurality of fragments (200). Accordingly, themedia file can be fragmented and stored or transmitted. Media data (mdatbox) of the media file can be divided into a plurality of fragments andeach fragment can include a moof box and a divided mdat box. Accordingto an embodiment, information of the ftyp box and/or the moov box may berequired to use the fragments.

The moof box (movie fragment box) can provide metadata about media dataof the corresponding fragment. The moof box may be a highest-layer boxamong boxes related to metadata of the corresponding fragment.

The mdat box (media data box) can include actual media data as describedabove. The mdat box can include media samples of media datacorresponding to each fragment corresponding thereto.

According to an embodiment, the aforementioned moof box may furtherinclude an mfhd box and/or a traf box as lower boxes.

The mfhd box (movie fragment header box) can include information aboutcorrelation between divided fragments. The mfhd box can indicate theorder of divided media data of the corresponding fragment by including asequence number. Further, it is possible to check whether there ismissed data among divided data using the mfhd box.

The traf box (track fragment box) can include information about thecorresponding track fragment. The traf box can provide metadata about adivided track fragment included in the corresponding fragment. The trafbox can provide metadata such that media samples in the correspondingtrack fragment can be decoded/reproduced. A plurality of traf boxes maybe present depending on the number of track fragments.

According to an embodiment, the aforementioned traf box may furtherinclude a tfhd box and/or a trun box as lower boxes.

The tfhd box (track fragment header box) can include header informationof the corresponding track fragment. The tfhd box can provideinformation such as a basic sample size, a period, an offset and anidentifier for media samples of the track fragment indicated by theaforementioned traf box.

The trun box (track fragment run box) can include information related tothe corresponding track fragment. The trun box can include informationsuch as a period, a size and a reproduction time for each media sample.

The aforementioned media file and fragments thereof can be processedinto segments and transmitted. Segments may include an initializationsegment and/or a media segment.

A file of the illustrated embodiment 210 may include information relatedto media decoder initialization except media data. This file maycorrespond to the aforementioned initialization segment, for example.The initialization segment can include the aforementioned ftyp boxand/or moov box.

A file of the illustrated embodiment 220 may include the aforementionedfragment. This file may correspond to the aforementioned media segment,for example. The media segment may further include an styp box and/or ansidx box.

The styp box (segment type box) can provide information for identifyingmedia data of a divided fragment. The styp box can serve as theaforementioned ftyp box for a divided fragment. According to anembodiment, the styp box may have the same format as the ftyp box.

The sidx box (segment index box) can provide information indicating anindex of a divided fragment. Accordingly, the order of the dividedfragment can be indicated.

According to an embodiment 230, an ssix box may be further included. Thessix box (sub-segment index box) can provide information indicating anindex of a sub-segment when a segment is divided into sub-segments.

Boxes in a media file can include more extended information based on abox or a FullBox as shown in the illustrated embodiment 250. In thepresent embodiment, a size field and a largesize field can represent thelength of the corresponding box in bytes. A version field can indicatethe version of the corresponding box format. A type field can indicatethe type or identifier of the corresponding box. A flags field canindicate a flag associated with the corresponding box.

Meanwhile, fields (properties) related to 360-degree video according toan embodiment of the present invention may be included in a DASH-basedadaptive streaming model to be transmitted.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the overall operation of a DASH-basedadaptive streaming model according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

A DASH-based adaptive streaming model according to the embodiment shownin (400) describes the operation between an HTTP server and a DASHclient. Here, Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH), which is aprotocol for supporting HTTP-based adaptive streaming, may dynamicallysupport streaming depending on network conditions. As a result, AVcontent may be reproduced without interruption.

First, the DASH client may acquire MPD. The MPD may be delivered from aservice provider such as an HTTP server. The DASH client may request asegment described in the MPD from the server using information aboutaccess to the segment. Here, this request may be performed inconsideration of network conditions.

After acquiring the segment, the DASH client may process the segmentusing a media engine, and may display the segment on a screen. The DASHclient may request and acquire a necessary segment in real-timeconsideration of reproduction time and/or network conditions (AdaptiveStreaming) As a result, content may be reproduced without interruption.

Media Presentation Description (MPD) is a file including detailedinformation enabling the DASH client to dynamically acquire a segment,and may be expressed in the form of XML.

A DASH client controller may generate a command for requesting MPDand/or a segment in consideration of network conditions. In addition,this controller may perform control such that the acquired informationcan be used in an internal block such as the media engine.

An MPD parser may parse the acquired MPD in real time. In doing so, theDASH client controller may generate a command for acquiring a necessarysegment.

A segment parser may parse the acquired segment in real time. Theinternal block such as the media engine may perform a specific operationdepending on information included in the segment.

An HTTP client may request necessary MPD and/or a necessary segment fromthe HTTP server. In addition, the HTTP client may deliver the MPD and/orsegment acquired from the server to the MPD parser or the segmentparser.

The media engine may display content using media data included in thesegment. In this case, information of the MPD may be used.

A DASH data model may have a hierarchical structure (410). Mediapresentation may be described by the MPD. The MPD may describe thetemporal sequence of a plurality of periods making media presentation.One period may indicate one section of the media content.

In one period, data may be included in adaptation sets. An adaptationset may be a set of media content components that can be exchanged witheach other. Adaptation may include a set of representations. Onerepresentation may correspond to a media content component. In onerepresentation, content may be temporally divided into a plurality ofsegments. This may be for appropriate access and delivery. A URL of eachsegment may be provided in order to access each segment.

The MPD may provide information related to media presentation. A periodelement, an adaptation set element, and a representation element maydescribe a corresponding period, adaptation set, and representation,respectively. One representation may be divided intosub-representations. A sub-representation element may describe acorresponding sub-representation.

Here, common attributes/elements may be defined. The commonattributes/elements may be applied to (included in) the adaptation set,the representation, and the sub-representation. EssentialProperty and/orSupplementalProperty may be included in the common attributes/elements.

EssentialProperty may be information including elements considered to beessential to process data related to the media presentation.SupplementalProperty may be information including elements that may beused to process data related to the media presentation. In someembodiments, in the case where signaling information, a description ofwhich will follow, is delivered through the MPD, the signalinginformation may be delivered while being defined in EssentialPropertyand/or SupplementalProperty.

FIG. 5 is a diagram schematically showing configuration of a 360 videotransmission apparatus according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

The 360 video transmission apparatus according to an embodiment canperform operations related the above-described preparation process andthe transmission process. The 360 video transmission apparatus mayinclude a data input unit, a stitcher, a projection processor, aregion-wise packing processor (not shown), a metadata processor, a(transmission side) feedback processor, a data encoder, an encapsulationprocessor, a transmission processor and/or a transmitter asinternal/external elements.

The data input unit can receive captured images/videos for respectiveviewpoints. The images/videos for the respective viewpoints may beimages/videos captured by one or more cameras. Further, data input unitmay receive metadata generated in a capture process. The data input unitmay forward the received images/videos for the viewpoints to thestitcher and forward metadata generated in the capture process to thesignaling processor.

The stitcher can perform a stitching operation on the capturedimages/videos for the viewpoints. The stitcher may forward stitched 360video data to the projection processor. The stitcher may receivenecessary metadata from the metadata processor and use the metadata forthe stitching operation as necessary. The stitcher may forward metadatagenerated in the stitching process to the metadata processor. Themetadata in the stitching process may include information such asinformation representing whether stitching has been performed, and astitching type.

The projection processor can project the stitched 360 video data on a 2Dimage. The projection processor may perform projection according tovarious schemes which will be described later. The projection processormay perform mapping in consideration of the depth of 360 video data foreach viewpoint. The projection processor may receive metadata necessaryfor projection from the metadata processor and use the metadata for theprojection operation as necessary. The projection processor may forwardmetadata generated in the projection process to the metadata processor.Metadata generated in the projection processor may include a projectionscheme type and the like.

The region-wise packing processor (not shown) can perform theaforementioned region-wise packing process. That is, the region-wisepacking processor can perform the process of dividing the projected 360video data into regions and rotating and rearranging regions or changingthe resolution of each region. As described above, the region-wisepacking process is optional and thus the region-wise packing processormay be omitted when region-wise packing is not performed. Theregion-wise packing processor may receive metadata necessary forregion-wise packing from the metadata processor and use the metadata fora region-wise packing operation as necessary. The region-wise packingprocessor may forward metadata generated in the region-wise packingprocess to the metadata processor. Metadata generated in the region-wisepacking processor may include a rotation degree, size and the like ofeach region.

The aforementioned stitcher, projection processor and/or the region-wisepacking processor may be integrated into a single hardware componentaccording to an embodiment.

The metadata processor can process metadata which may be generated in acapture process, a stitching process, a projection process, aregion-wise packing process, an encoding process, an encapsulationprocess and/or a process for transmission. The metadata processor cangenerate 360 video related metadata using such metadata. According to anembodiment, the metadata processor may generate the 360 video relatedmetadata in the form of a signaling table. 360 video related metadatamay also be called metadata or 360 video related signaling informationaccording to signaling context. Further, the metadata processor mayforward the acquired or generated metadata to internal elements of the360 video transmission apparatus as necessary. The metadata processormay forward the 360 video related metadata to the data encoder, theencapsulation processor and/or the transmission processor such that the360 video related metadata can be transmitted to a reception side.

The data encoder can encode the 360 video data projected on the 2D imageand/or region-wise packed 360 video data. The 360 video data can beencoded in various formats.

The encapsulation processor can encapsulate the encoded 360 video dataand/or 360 video related metadata in a file format. Here, the 360 videorelated metadata may be received from the metadata processor. Theencapsulation processor can encapsulate the data in a file format suchas ISOBMFF, CFF or the like or process the data into a DASH segment orthe like. The encapsulation processor may include the 360 video relatedmetadata in a file format. The 360 video related metadata may beincluded in a box having various levels in SOBMFF or may be included asdata of a separate track in a file, for example. According to anembodiment, the encapsulation processor may encapsulate the 360 videorelated metadata into a file. The transmission processor may performprocessing for transmission on the encapsulated 360 video data accordingto file format. The transmission processor may process the 360 videodata according to an arbitrary transmission protocol. The processing fortransmission may include processing for delivery over a broadcastnetwork and processing for delivery over a broadband. According to anembodiment, the transmission processor may receive 360 video relatedmetadata from the metadata processor as well as the 360 video data andperform the processing for transmission on the 360 video relatedmetadata.

The transmitter can transmit the 360 video data and/or the 360 videorelated metadata processed for transmission through a broadcast networkand/or a broadband. The transmitter may include an element fortransmission through a broadcast network and/or an element fortransmission through a broadband.

According to an embodiment of the 360 video transmission apparatusaccording to an embodiment, the 360 video transmission apparatus mayfurther include a data storage unit (not shown) as an internal/externalelement. The data storage unit may store encoded 360 video data and/or360 video related metadata before the encoded 360 video data and/or 360video related metadata are delivered to the transmission processor. Suchdata may be stored in a file format such as ISOBMFF. Although the datastorage unit may not be required when 360 video is transmitted in realtime, encapsulated 360 data may be stored in the data storage unit for acertain period of time and then transmitted when the encapsulated 360data is delivered over a broadband.

According to another embodiment of the 360 video transmission apparatusaccording to an embodiment, the 360 video transmission apparatus mayfurther include a (transmission side) feedback processor and/or anetwork interface (not shown) as internal/external elements. The networkinterface can receive feedback information from a 360 video receptionapparatus according to an embodiment and forward the feedbackinformation to the transmission side feedback processor. Thetransmission side feedback processor can forward the feedbackinformation to the stitcher, the projection processor, the region-wisepacking processor, the data encoder, the encapsulation processor, themetadata processor and/or the transmission processor. According to anembodiment, the feedback information may be delivered to the metadataprocessor and then delivered to each internal element. Internal elementswhich have received the feedback information can reflect the feedbackinformation in the following 360 video data processing.

According to another embodiment of the 360 video transmission apparatusaccording to an embodiment, the region-wise packing processor may rotateregions and map the rotated regions on a 2D image. Here, the regions maybe rotated in different directions at different angles and mapped on the2D image. Region rotation may be performed in consideration ofneighboring parts and stitched parts of 360 video data on a sphericalsurface before projection. Information about region rotation, that is,rotation directions, angles and the like may be signaled through 360video related metadata. According to another embodiment of the 360 videotransmission apparatus according to an embodiment, the data encoder mayperform encoding differently for respective regions. The data encodermay encode a specific region in high quality and encode other regions inlow quality. The transmission side feedback processor may forwardfeedback information received from the 360 video reception apparatus tothe data encoder such that the data encoder can use encoding methodsdifferentiated for respective regions. For example, the transmissionside feedback processor may forward viewport information received from areception side to the data encoder. The data encoder may encode regionsincluding an area indicated by the viewport information in higherquality (UHD and the like) than that of other regions.

According to another embodiment of the 360 video transmission apparatusaccording to an embodiment, the transmission processor may performprocessing for transmission differently for respective regions. Thetransmission processor may apply different transmission parameters(modulation orders, code rates, and the like) to the respective regionssuch that data delivered to the respective regions have differentrobustnesses.

Here, the transmission side feedback processor may forward feedbackinformation received from the 360 video reception apparatus to thetransmission processor such that the transmission processor can performtransmission processes differentiated for respective regions.

For example, the transmission side feedback processor may forwardviewport information received from a reception side to the transmissionprocessor. The transmission processor may perform a transmission processon regions including an area indicated by the viewport information suchthat the regions have higher robustness than other regions.

The above-described internal/external elements of the 360 videotransmission apparatus according to an embodiment may be hardwareelements. According to an embodiment, the internal/external elements maybe changed, omitted, replaced by other elements or integrated.

FIG. 6 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration of a 360video reception apparatus according to an embodiment.

The 360 video reception apparatus according to an embodiment can performoperations related to the above-described processing process and/or therendering process. The 360 video reception apparatus may include areceiver, a reception processor, a decapsulation processor, a datadecoder, a metadata parser, a (reception side) feedback processor, are-projection processor and/or a renderer as internal/external elements.A signaling parser may be called the metadata parser.

The receiver can receive 360 video data transmitted from the 360 videotransmission apparatus according to an embodiment. The receiver mayreceive the 360 video data through a broadcast network or a broadbanddepending on a channel through which the 360 video data is transmitted.

The reception processor can perform processing according to atransmission protocol on the received 360 video data. The receptionprocessor may perform a reverse process of the process of theaforementioned transmission processor such that the reverse processcorresponds to processing for transmission performed at the transmissionside. The reception processor can forward the acquired 360 video data tothe decapsulation processor and forward acquired 360 video relatedmetadata to the metadata parser. The 360 video related metadata acquiredby the reception processor may have the form of a signaling table.

The decapsulation processor can decapsulate the 360 video data in a fileformat received from the reception processor. The decapsulationprocessor can acquired 360 video data and 360 video related metadata bydecapsulating files in ISOBMFF or the like. The decapsulation processorcan forward the acquired 360 video data to the data decoder and forwardthe acquired 360 video related metadata to the metadata parser. The 360video related metadata acquired by the decapsulation processor may havethe form of a box or a track in a file format. The decapsulationprocessor may receive metadata necessary for decapsulation from themetadata parser as necessary.

The data decoder can decode the 360 video data. The data decoder mayreceive metadata necessary for decoding from the metadata parser. The360 video related metadata acquired in the data decoding process may beforwarded to the metadata parser.

The metadata parser can parse/decode the 360 video related metadata. Themetadata parser can forward acquired metadata to the data decapsulationprocessor, the data decoder, the re-projection processor and/or therenderer.

The re-projection processor can perform re-projection on the decoded 360video data. The re-projection processor can re-project the 360 videodata on a 3D space. The 3D space may have different forms depending on3D models. The re-projection processor may receive metadata necessaryfor re-projection from the metadata parser. For example, there-projection processor may receive information about the type of a used3D model and detailed information thereof from the metadata parser.According to an embodiment, the re-projection processor may re-projectonly 360 video data corresponding to a specific area of the 3D space onthe 3D space using metadata necessary for re-projection.

The renderer can render the re-projected 360 video data. As describedabove, re-projection of 360 video data on a 3D space may be representedas rendering of 360 video data on the 3D space. When two processessimultaneously occur in this manner, the re-projection processor and therenderer may be integrated and the renderer may perform the processes.According to an embodiment, the renderer may render only a part viewedby a user according to viewpoint information of the user.

The user may view a part of the rendered 360 video through a VR displayor the like. The VR display is a device which reproduces 360 video andmay be included in a 360 video reception apparatus (tethered) orconnected to the 360 video reception apparatus as a separate device(un-tethered).

According to an embodiment of the 360 video reception apparatusaccording to an embodiment, the 360 video reception apparatus mayfurther include a (reception side) feedback processor and/or a networkinterface (not shown) as internal/external elements. The reception sidefeedback processor can acquire feedback information from the renderer,the re-projection processor, the data decoder, the decapsulationprocessor and/or the VR display and process the feedback information.The feedback information may include viewport information, headorientation information, gaze information, and the like. The networkinterface can receive the feedback information from the reception sidefeedback processor and transmit the feedback information to a 360 videotransmission apparatus.

As described above, the feedback information may be consumed at thereception side as well as being transmitted to the transmission side.The reception side feedback processor may forward the acquired feedbackinformation to internal elements of the 360 video reception apparatussuch that the feedback information is reflected in processes such asrendering. The reception side feedback processor can forward thefeedback information to the renderer, the re-projection processor, thedata decoder and/or the decapsulation processor. For example, therenderer can preferentially render an area viewed by the user using thefeedback information. In addition, the decapsulation processor and thedata decoder can preferentially decapsulate and decode an area beingviewed or will be viewed by the user.

The above-described internal/external elements of the 360 videoreception apparatus according to an embodiment may be hardware elements.According to an embodiment, the internal/external elements may bechanged, omitted, replaced by other elements or integrated. According toan embodiment, additional elements may be added to the 360 videoreception apparatus.

In another aspect, the operation method of the 360 video receptionapparatus according to the aforementioned embodiment may be related to a360 video transmitting method and a 360 video receiving method. The 360video transmitting/receiving method according to an embodiment may beperformed by the aforementioned 360 video transmission/receptionapparatus or embodiments of the apparatus.

Respective embodiments of the 360 video transmission/reception apparatusand the 360 video transmission/reception method according to theaforementioned embodiments, and embodiments of inner/external elementsthereof may be combined. For example, embodiments of the projectionprocessor and embodiments of the data encoder may be combined to produceembodiments of the 360 video transmission apparatus as much as thecombined embodiments of the projection processor and the data encoder.

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the concept of aircraft principal axes fordescribing 3D space according to an embodiment of the present invention.

In the present invention, the concept of aircraft principal axes may beused in order to express a specific point, position, direction,distance, area, etc. in the 3D space. That is, in the present invention,the 3D space before projection or after re-projection may be described,and the concept of principal aircraft axes may be used in order toperform signaling thereon. In some embodiments, a method of using anorthogonal coordinate system or a spherical coordinate system using X,Y, and Z-axes may be used.

An aircraft may freely rotate in three dimensions. Axes constituting thethree dimensions are referred to as a pitch axis, a yaw axis, and a rollaxis. In the present specification, these terms may also be expressedeither as pitch, yaw, and roll or as a pitch direction, a yaw direction,and a roll direction.

In one example, the roll axis may correspond to X axis in the orthogonalcoordinate system or the back-to-front axis. Or, in the shown concept ofprincipal aircraft axes, the roll axis may be an axis extending from theforward portion to the tail of the aircraft. Rotation in the rolldirection may be rotation performed about the roll axis. The range of aroll value indicating an angle of rotation about the roll axis may bebetween −180 degree and 180 degree. In this case, −180 degree and 180degree, which are edge values, may be included in the range of a rollvalue.

In another embodiment, the pitch axis may correspond to Y axis in theorthogonal coordinate system or the side-to-side axis. Or, the pitchaxis may be an axis about which the forward portion of the aircraft isrotated upwards/downwards. In the shown concept of principal aircraftaxes, the pitch axis may be an axis extending from one wing to anotherwing of the aircraft. The range of a pitch value indicating an angle ofrotation about the pitch axis may be between −90 degree and 90 degree.In this case, −90 degree and 90 degree, which are edge values, may beincluded in the range of a pitch value.

In yet another example, the yaw axis may correspond to Z axis in theorthogonal coordinate system or the vertical axis. Or, the yaw axis maybe an axis about which the forward portion of the aircraft is rotatedleftwards/rightwards. In the shown concept of principal aircraft axes,the yaw axis may be an axis extending from the top to the bottom of theaircraft. The range of a yaw value indicating an angle of rotation aboutthe yaw axis may be between −180 degree and 180 degree. In this case,−180 degree and 180 degree, which are edge values, may be included inthe range of a yaw value.

The center point, which is the basis for determining the yaw axis, thepitch axis, and the roll axis in a 3D space according to an embodiment,may not be static.

As described above, the 3D space in the present invention may bedescribed using the pitch, yaw, and roll concept.

Meanwhile, as described above, video data projected on a 2D image mayundergo a region-wise packing process in order to improve video codingefficiency. The region-wise packing process may be a process ofindividually processing the video data projected on the 2D image foreach region. The term “regions” may indicate divided parts of the 2Dimage on which 360 video data are projected, and the regions may bepartitioned depending on a projection scheme. The 2D image may bereferred to as a video frame or a frame.

Regarding this, the present invention proposes metadata for theregion-wise packing process depending on a projection scheme, and amethod for signaling the metadata. The region-wise packing process maybe performed more efficiently based on the metadata.

FIG. 8 exemplarily shows a 2D image having underwent 360 videoprocessing process and a region-wise packing process according to aprojection format.

In FIG. 8, (a) may show a process of processing input 360 video.Referring to (a) of FIG. 8, input viewpoint-wise 360 video data may bestitched or projected on a 3D projection structure according to variousprojection schemes, and the 360e video data projected on the 3Dprojection structure may be expressed as a 2D image. That is, the 360video data may be stitched, and may be projected as the 2D image. The 2Dimage, on which the 360 video is projected, may be expressed as aprojected frame. In addition, the projected frame may undergo theaforementioned region-wise packing process. That is, a process ofdividing an area including the projected 360 video data on the projectedframe into regions, and rotating or rearranging each region orincreasing or decreasing resolution of each region may be performed.

In other words, the region-wise packing process may indicate a processof mapping the projected frame as one or more packed frames. Theregion-wise packing process may be optionally performed, and, if theregion-wise packing process is not performed, the packed frame and theprojected frame may be identical to each other. If the region-wisepacking process is performed, each region of the projected frame may bemapped to the region of the packed frame, and it is possible to derivemetadata that represents a position, a shape, and a size of a region ofthe packed frame to which each region of the projected frame is mapped.

In FIG. 8, (b) and (c) may show examples in which each region of theprojected frame is mapped to a region of the packed frame. Referring to(b) of FIG. 8, the 360 video data may be projected on a 2D image (orframe) according to a panoramic projection scheme. The top region, themiddle region, and the bottom region of the projected frame may undergothe region-wise packing process and hence rearranged as shown in theright drawing. Here, the top region may be a region representing theupper surface of the panorama on the 2D image, the middle region may bea region representing the middle surface of the panorama on the 2Dimage, and the bottom region may be a region representing the bottomsurface of the panorama on the 2D image. In addition, referring to (c)of FIG. 8, the 360 video data may be projected on a 2D image (or frame)according to a cubic projection scheme. The front region, the backregion, the top region, the bottom region, the right-side region, andthe left-side region of the projected frame may undergo the region-wisepacking process and hence rearranged as shown in the right drawing.Here, the front region may be a region representing the front surface ofthe cube on the 2D image, the back region may be a region representingthe back surface of the cube on the 2D image. In addition, the topregion may be a region representing an upper surface of the cube on the2D image, and the bottom region may be a region representing the bottomsurface of the cube on the 2D image. In addition, the right-side regionmay be a region representing the right-side surface of the cube on the2D image, and the left-side region may be a region representing theleft-side surface of the cube on the 2D image.

In FIG. 8, (d) may show various 3D projection formats into which the 360video data can be projected. Referring to (d) of FIG. 8. The 3Dprojection formats may include a tetrahedron, a cube, a octahedron, adodecahedron, and an icosahedron. The 2D projections shown in (d) ofFIG. 8, may represent projected frames which represents the 360 videodata projected into a 3D projection format on a 2D image.

The projection formats are merely exemplary, and, according to anembodiment, some or all of various projection formats (or projectionschemes) may be used. A projection format used for 360 video may beindicated, for example, through a projection format field of metadata.

FIGS. 9A to 9B exemplarily show projection formats according to someembodiments of the present invention.

In FIG. 9A, (a) may show an equirectangular projection format. When theequirectangular projection format is used, a point (r, θ0, 0), that is,a point where θ=θ0 and φ=0, on a spherical surface and a central pixelon a 2D image may be mapped. A principal point of a front camera may beassumed to be a point (r, 0, 0) on the spherical surface. In addition,φ0=0 may be fixed. Therefore, a value (x, y) transformed into XYcoordinate system may be transformed into a (X, Y) pixel on the 2D imagethrough the following equation.X=K _(x) *x+X _(O) =K _(x)*(θ−θ₀)*r+X _(O)Y=−K _(y) *y−Y _(O)  [Equation 1]

In addition, if a left top pixel on the 2D image is positioned at (0, 0)in the XY system, an offset value for X axis and an offset value for Yaxis may be represented by the following equation.X _(O) =K _(x) *π*rY _(O) =−K _(y)*π/2*r  [Equation 2]

Using the above, a transformation equation into the XY coordinate systemmay be as below.X=K _(x) x+X _(O) =K _(x)*(π+θ−θ₀)*rY=−K _(y) y−Y _(O) =K _(y)*(π/2−φ)*r  [Equation 3]

For example, if θ0=0, that is, if a central pixel on a 2D imageindicates data of 0=0 on a spherical surface, the spherical surface maybe mapped to an area of a horizontal length (width)=2Kxπ and a verticallength (height)=Kxπr on the 2D image on the basis of (0,0). Data ofφ=π/2 on the spherical surface may be mapped to the whole upper edge onthe 2D image. In addition, data of (r, π/2, 0) on the spherical surfacemay be mapped to a point of (3πKxr/2, π(Kx r/2) on the 2D image.

At the reception side, 360 video data on the 2D image may bere-projected to the spherical surface. This may be represented by atransformation equation as below.θ=θ₀ +X/K _(x) *r−πφ=π/2−Y/K _(y) *r  [Equation 4]

For example, a pixel at XY coordinates of (Kxπr, 0) on a 2D image may bere-projected to a point where θ=θ0 and φ=π/2 on a spherical surface.

In FIG. 9A, (b) may show a cubic projection format. For example,stitched 360 video data may appear on a spherical surface. Theprojection processor may project the 360 video data on a 2D image in theform of a cube. The 360 video data on the spherical surface maycorrespond to respective surfaces of the cube. As a result, the 360video data may be projected on the 2D image, as shown in at the leftside or the right side of (b) in FIG. 9A.

In FIG. 9A, (c) may show a cylindrical projection format. On theassumption that stitched 360 video data appear on a spherical surface,the projection processor may project the 360 video data on a 2D image inthe form of a cylinder. The 360-degree video data on the sphericalsurface may correspond to the side, the top, and the bottom of thecylinder. As a result, the 360 video data may be projected on the 2Dimage, as shown in the left side or the right side of (c) in FIG. 9A.

In FIG. 9A, (d) may show a tile-based projection format. If thetile-based projection scheme is used, the aforementioned projectionprocessor may divide 360 video data on a spherical surface into one ormore sub-areas, as shown in (d) of FIG. 9A, and project on a 2D image.The sub-areas may be called tiles.

In FIG. 9B, (e) may show a pyramid projection format. On the assumptionthat stitched 360 video data appear on a spherical surface, theprojection processor may regard the 360 video data as a pyramid andproject the 360 video data on a 2D image in the form of a pyramid. The360 video data on the spherical surface may correspond to four surfaces(the front, the left top, the left bottom, the right top, and the rightbottom) of the pyramid. As a result, the 360-degree video data may beprojected on the 2D image, as shown at the left side or the right sideof (e) of FIG. 9B. In this case, the bottom surface may be a regionincluding data acquired by a camera that faces forward.

In FIG. 9B, (f) may show a panoramic projection format. If the panoramicprojection format is used, the aforementioned projection processor mayproject only a side surface of 360 video data on a spherical surface ona 2D image, as shown in (f) of FIG. 9B. This may be the same as the casewhere the top and bottom surfaces do not exist in the cylindricalprojection scheme.

Meanwhile, according to one embodiment, projection may be performedwithout a stitching process. In FIG. 9B, (g) may show the case whereprojection is performed without the stitching process. If projection isperformed without the stitching process, the aforementioned projectionprocessor may project 360 video data intact on a 2D image, as shown in(g) of FIG. 9B. In this case, a stitching process may be not performed,and intact images acquired by a camera may be projected on the 2D image.

Referring to (g) of FIG. 9B, two images may be projected on a 2D imagewithout a stitching process. Each of the images may be a fish-eye imageacquired by a spherical camera (or a fish-eye camera) through eachsensor. As described above, at the reception side, image data acquiredfrom camera sensors may be stitched, and the stitched image data may bemapped to a spherical surface to render spherical video, that is, 360video.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are diagrams showing tiles according to someembodiments of the present invention.

360 video data projected on a 2D image or 360 video data havingundergone a region-wise packing process may be partitioned into one ormore tiles. FIG. 10A shows the case where one 2D image is partitionedinto 16 tiles. Here, a 2D image may be the aforementioned projectedframe or packed frame. According to another embodiment of a 360 videotransmission apparatus of the present invention, the data encoder isable to encode the respective tiles independently.

Region-wise packing and tiling may be different from each other.Region-wise packing may be processing each region of the 360 video dataprojected on the 2D image in order to improve coding efficiency or toadjust resolution. Tiling may be dividing, the data encoder, theprojected frame or the packed frame into tiles and independentlyencoding the tiles. When the 360 video data are provided, the user doesnot simultaneously enjoy all parts of the 360 video data. Tiling mayenable the reception side to enjoy or receive only tiles correspondingto an important part or a predetermined part, such as the viewport thatis being viewed by the user, to the reception side within a limitedbandwidth. The limited bandwidth may be more efficiently utilizedthrough tiling, and calculation load for the reception side may bereduced compared to the case of processing the entire 360 video data allat once.

Since the regions and the tiles are different from each other, the twoareas are not necessarily the same. In some embodiments, however, theregions and the tiles may indicate the same areas. In some embodiments,region-wise packing may be performed based on the tiles, whereby theregions and the tiles may become the same. Also, in some embodiments, inthe case where the surfaces according to the projection scheme and theregions are the same, the surface according to the projection scheme,the regions, and the tiles may indicate the same areas. Depending on thecontext, the regions may be called VR regions, and the tiles may becalled tile regions.

A region of interest (ROI) may be an area in which users are interested,proposed by a 360 content provider. The 360 content provider may producea 360 video in consideration of the area of the 360 video in which usersare expected to be interested. In some embodiments, the ROI maycorrespond to an area of the 360 video in which an important portion ofthe 360-degree video is shown.

In another embodiment of the 360 video transmission/reception apparatusaccording to the present invention, the reception-sidefeedback-processing unit may extract and collect viewport information,and may deliver the same to the transmission-side feedback-processingunit. At this process, the viewport information may be delivered usingthe network interfaces of both sides. FIG. 10A shows a viewport t6010displayed on the 2D image. Here, the viewport may be located over 9tiles on the 2D image.

In this case, the 360 video transmission apparatus may further include atiling system. In some embodiments, the tiling system may be disposedafter the data encoder (see FIG. 10B), may be included in the dataencoder or the transmission-processing unit, or may be included in the360 video transmission apparatus as a separate internal/externalelement.

The tiling system may receive the viewport information from thetransmission-side feedback-processing unit. The tiling system may selectand transmit only tiles including the viewport area. In the FIG. 10A, 9tiles including the viewport area 1000, among a total of 16 tiles of the2D image, may be transmitted. Here, the tiling system may transmit thetiles in a unicast manner over a broadband connection. It is because theviewport area varies depending on a user.

Also, in this case, the transmission-side feedback-processing unit maydeliver the viewport information to the data encoder. The data encodermay encode the tiles including the viewport area at higher quality thanother tiles.

Also, in this case, the transmission-side feedback-processing unit maydeliver the viewport information to the metadata-processing unit. Themetadata-processing unit may deliver metadata for the viewport area tothe internal elements of the 360 video transmission apparatus, or mayinclude the same in the 360-video related metadata.

By using this tiling method, it is possible to save transmissionbandwidth and to differently perform processing for each tile, wherebyefficient data processing/transmission is possible.

Embodiments related to the viewport area may be similarly applied tospecific areas other than the viewport area. For example, processingperformed on the viewport area may be equally performed on an area inwhich users are determined to be interested through the gaze analysis,ROI, and an area that is reproduced first when a user views the 360video through the VR display (initial viewport).

According to another embodiment of the 360 video transmission apparatus,the transmission-processing unit may perform transmission processingdifferently for respective tiles. The transmission-processing unit mayapply different transport parameters (modulation order, code rate, etc.)to the tiles such that robustness of data delivered for each region ischanged.

At this point, the transmission-side feedback-processing unit maydeliver the feedback information, received from the 360 video receptionapparatus, to the transmission-processing unit, which may performtransmission processing differently for respective tiles. For example,the transmission-side feedback-processing unit may deliver the viewportinformation, received from the reception side, to thetransmission-processing unit. The transmission-processing unit mayperform transmission processing on tiles including the viewport area soas to have higher robustness than for the other tiles.

FIG. 11 is a view showing 360-degree-video related metadata according toan embodiment of the present invention.

The 360-degree-video related metadata may include various metadata forthe 360-degree video. Depending on the context, the 360-degree-videorelated metadata may be called 360-degree-video-related signalinginformation. The 360-degree-video related metadata may be transmittedwhile being included in a separate signaling table, or may betransmitted while being included in DASH MPD, or may be transmittedwhile being included in the form of a box in a file format of ISOBMFF.In the case where the 360-degree-video related metadata are included inthe form of a box, the metadata may be included in a variety of levels,such as a file, a fragment, a track, a sample entry, and a sample, andmay include metadata related to data of a corresponding level.

In some embodiments, a portion of the metadata, a description of whichwill follow, may be transmitted while being configured in the form of asignaling table, and the remaining portion of the metadata may beincluded in the form of a box or a track in a file format.

According to an embodiment of the 360-degree-video related metadata, the360-degree-video related metadata may include basic metadata aboutprojection schemes, stereoscopy related metadata,initial-view/initial-viewport related metadata, ROI related metadata,field-of-view (FOV) related metadata, and/or cropped-region relatedmetadata. In some embodiments, the 360-degree-video related metadata mayfurther include metadata other than the above metadata.

Embodiments of the 360-degree-video related metadata according to thepresent invention may include at least one of the basic metadata, thestereoscopy related metadata, the initial-view related metadata, the ROIrelated metadata, the FOV related metadata, the cropped-region relatedmetadata, and/or additional possible metadata. Embodiments of the360-degree-video related metadata according to the present invention maybe variously configured depending on possible number of metadataincluded therein. In some embodiments, the 360-degree-video relatedmetadata may further include additional information.

The stereo_mode field may indicate a 3D layout supported by the360-degree video. It is possible to indicate whether the 360-degreevideo supports 3D using only this field. In this case, theis_stereoscopic field may be omitted. When the field has a value of 0,the 360-degree video may have a mono mode. That is, the 2D image, onwhich the 360-degree video is projected, may include only one mono view.In this case, the 360-degree video may not support 3D.

When the field has a value of 1 or 2, the 360-degree video may follow aleft-right layout or a top-bottom layout. The left-right layout and thetop-bottom layout may be called a side-by-side format and a top-bottomformat, respectively. In the left-right layout, 2D images on which aleft image/a right image are projected may be located at the left/rightside on an image frame. In the top-bottom layout, 2D images on which aleft image/a right image are projected may be located at the top/bottomside on the image frame. In the case where the field has additionalvalues, the values may be reserved for future use.

The initial-view related metadata may include information about the timeat which a user views the 360-degree video when the 360-degree video isreproduced first (an initial viewport). The initial-view relatedmetadata may include an initial_view_yaw_degree field, aninitial_view_pitch_degree field, and/or an initial_view_roll_degreefield. In some embodiments, the initial-view related metadata mayfurther include additional information.

The initial_view_yaw_degree field, the initial_view_pitch_degree field,and the initial_view_roll_degree field may indicate an initial viewportwhen the 360-degree video is reproduced. That is, the very center pointof the viewport that is viewed first at the time of reproduction may beindicated by these three fields. Specifically, theinitial_view_yaw_degree field may indicate a yaw value at the initialviewpoint. That is, the initial_view_yaw_degree field may indicate therotational direction (symbol) and the extent of rotation direction(angle) in which the position of the very center point is rotated aboutthe yaw axis. In addition, the initial_view_pitch_degree field mayindicate a pitch value at the initial viewpoint. That is, theinitial_view_pitch_degree field may indicate the rotational direction(symbol) and the extent of rotation (angle) in which the position of thevery center point is rotated about the pitch axis. In addition, theinitial_view_roll_degree field may indicate a roll value at the initialviewpoint. That is, the initial_view_roll_degree field may indicate therotational direction (symbol) and the extent of rotation (angle) inwhich the position of the very center point is rotated about the rollaxis. The initial viewpoint at the time of reproduction of thecorresponding 360-degree video, that is, the very center point of theview point that is viewed first at the time of reproduction may beindicated based on the initial_view_yaw_degree field, theinitial_view_pitch_degree field, and the initial_view_roll_degree field.In doing so, a specific area of the 360-degree video may be displayed atthe initial viewpoint for a user. In addition, the horizontal length andthe vertical length (width and height) of an initial viewport based onthe indicated initial viewport through the FOV may be determined. Thatis, the 360-degree video reception apparatus may provide a user with apredetermined area of the 360-degree video as an initial viewport usingthese three fields and the FOV information.

In some embodiments, the initial viewport indicated by the initial-viewrelated metadata may be changed for each scene. That is, the scenes ofthe 360-degree video may be changed over time of 360 content. An initialviewport or an initial viewport at which the user views the video firstmay be changed for every scene of the 360-degree video. In this case,the initial-view related metadata may indicate the initial viewport foreach scene. To this end, the initial-view related metadata may furtherinclude a scene identifier identifying the scene to which the initialviewport is applied. In addition, the FOV may be changed for each scene.The initial-view related metadata may further include scene-wise FOVinformation indicating the FOV corresponding to the scene.

The ROI related metadata may include information related to the ROI. TheROI related metadata may a 2d_roi_range_flag field and/or a3d_roi_range_flag field. Each of the two fields may indicate whether theROI related metadata includes fields expressing the ROI based on the 2Dimage or whether the ROI related metadata includes fields expressing theROI based on the 3D space. In some embodiments, the ROI related metadatamay further include additional information, such as differentialencoding information based on the ROI and differential transmissionprocessing information based on the ROI.

In the case where the ROI related metadata includes fields expressingthe ROI based on the 2D image, the ROI related metadata may include amin_top_left_x field, a max_top_left_x field, a min_top_left_y field, amax_top_left_y field, a min_width field, a max_width field, a min_heightfield, a max_height field, a min_x field, a max_x field, a min_y field,and/or a max_y field.

The min_top_left_x field, the max_top_left_x field, the min_top_left_yfield, and the max_top_left_y field may indicate the minimum/maximumvalues of the coordinates of the left top end of the ROI. That is, thesefields may indicate the minimum x coordinate, the maximum x coordinate,the minimum y coordinate, and the maximum y coordinate of the left topend, respectively.

The min_width field, the max_width field, the min_height field, and themax_height field may indicate the minimum/maximum values of thehorizontal size (width) and the vertical size (height) of the ROI. Thatis, these fields may indicate the minimum value of the horizontal size,the maximum value of the horizontal size, the minimum value of thevertical size, and the maximum value of the vertical size, respectively.

The min_x field, the max_x field, the min_y field, and the max_y fieldmay indicate the minimum/maximum values of the coordinates in the ROI.That is, these fields may indicate the minimum x coordinate, the maximumx coordinate, the minimum y coordinate, and the maximum y coordinate ofthe coordinates in the ROI, respectively. These fields may be omitted.

In the case where the ROI related metadata includes fields expressingthe ROI based on the coordinates in the 3D rendering space, the ROIrelated metadata may include a min_yaw field, a max_yaw field, amin_pitch field, a max_pitch field, a min_roll field, a max_roll field,a min_field_of_view field, and/or a max_field_of_view field.

The min_yaw field, the max_yaw field, the min_pitch field, the max_pitchfield, the min_roll field, and the max_roll field may indicate the areathat the ROI occupies in 3D space as the minimum/maximum values of yaw,pitch, and roll. That is, these fields may indicate the minimum value ofthe amount of rotation about the yaw axis, the maximum value of theamount of rotation about the yaw axis, the minimum value of the amountof rotation about the pitch axis, the maximum value of the amount ofrotation about the pitch axis, the minimum value of the amount ofrotation about the roll axis, and the maximum value of the amount ofrotation about the roll axis, respectively.

The min_field_of_view field and the max_field_of_view field may indicatethe minimum/maximum values of the FOV of the 360-degree video data. TheFOV may be a range of vision within which the 360-degree video isdisplayed at once when the video is reproduced. The min_field_of_viewfield and the max_field_of_view field may indicate the minimum value andthe maximum value of the FOV, respectively. These fields may be omitted.These fields may be included in FOV related metadata, a description ofwhich will follow.

The FOV related metadata may include the above information related tothe FOV. The FOV related metadata may include a content_fov_flag fieldand/or a content_fov field. In some embodiments, the FOV relatedmetadata may further include additional information, such as informationrelated to the minimum/maximum values of the FOV.

The content_fov_flag field may indicate whether information about theFOV of the 360-degree video intended at the time of production exists.When the value of this field is 1, the content_fov field may exist.

The content_fov field may indicate information about the FOV of the 360video intended at the time of production. In some embodiments, theportion of the 360-degree video that is displayed to a user at once maybe determined based on the vertical or horizontal FOV of the 360-degreevideo reception apparatus. Alternatively, in some embodiments, theportion of the 360-degree video that is displayed to the user at oncemay be determined in consideration of the FOV information of this field.

The cropped-region related metadata may include information about thearea of an image frame that includes actual 360-degree video data. Theimage frame may include an active video area, in which actual 360-degreevideo data is projected, and an inactive video area. Here, the activevideo area may be called a cropped area or a default display area. Theactive video area is an area that is seen as the 360-degree video in anactual VR display. The 360-degree video reception apparatus or the VRdisplay may process/display only the active video area. For example, inthe case where the aspect ratio of the image frame is 4:3, only theremaining area of the image frame, excluding a portion of the upper partand a portion of the lower part of the image frame, may include the360-degree video data. The remaining area of the image frame may be theactive video area.

The cropped-region related metadata may include an is_cropped_regionfield, a cr_region_left_top_x field, a cr_region_left_top_y field, acr_region_width field, and/or a cr_region_height field. In someembodiments, the cropped-region related metadata may further includeadditional information.

The is_cropped_region field may be a flag indicating whether the entirearea of the image frame is used by the 360-degree video receptionapparatus or the VR display. Here, an area to which 360-video data ismapped or an area seen on the VR display may be called an active videoarea. This field may indicate whether the entire image frame is theactive video area. In the case where only a portion of the image frameis the active video area, the following four fields may be furtherincluded.

The cr_region_left_top_x field, the cr_region_left_top_y field, thecr_region_width field, and the cr_region_height field may indicate theactive video area in the image frame. These fields may indicate the xcoordinate of the left top of the active video area, the y coordinate ofthe left top of the active video area, the horizontal length (width) ofthe active video area, and the vertical length (height) of the activevideo area, respectively. The horizontal length and the vertical lengthmay be expressed using pixels.

The 360-video-based VR system may provide a user with visual/audibleexperience in a different viewing orientation from a position of theuser with respect to 360 video based on the above-described 360 videoprocessing. The VR system, which provides a user with visual/audibleexperience in different viewing orientation from a fixed position of theuser with respect to 360 video, may be called a three degree of freedom(3DoF)-based VR system. Meanwhile, the VR system capable of providingvisual/audible experience in different viewing orientations fromdifferent viewing positions at different viewpoints may be called a3DoF+ or 3DoF plus-based VR system.

FIG. 12 schematically shows concepts of a view point, a viewingposition, and a viewing orientation.

Referring to FIG. 12, on the assumption of a space (e.g., a theater) asin (a), each marked circle may indicate a different view point. Animage/voice provided at each view point in the same space may beassociated with each other in the same time zone. In this case,different visual/audible experience may be provided to a user dependingon a change in a gaze direction or head movement (e.g., head motion) ofthe user at a specific viewpoint. That is, a sphere of various viewingpositions at a specific viewpoint may be assumed, as shown in (b), andimage/voice/text information which has taken into consideration of arelative location of each viewing position may be provided.

Meanwhile, as shown in (c), visual/audible information from variousdirections as in legacy 3DoF may be delivered from a specific viewingposition at a specific viewpoint. At this point, not just a main source(e.g., an image/voice/text) but also other various sources combined withthe main source may be provided, and, in this case, informationassociated with or independent of a user's viewing orientation may bedelivered.

FIG. 13 is a diagram schematically showing an example of architecturefor providing 3DoF+ video according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 13 may show a flowchart of a 3DoF+ end-to-end system including anacquisition process, a pre-processing process, a transmission process, a(post-)processing process, a rendering process, and a feedback processof 3DoF+.

Referring to FIG. 13, the acquisition process may refer to a process ofacquiring 360 video through capturing, composition, or generating the360 video. Through the acquisition process, a plurality of image/voiceinformation items may be acquired according to change of a viewingdirection (e.g., a head motion) for a plurality of positions. In thiscase, the image may include not just visual information (e.g., texture)but also depth information. In this case, as shown in an example ofimage information indicated by reference numeral 1310, a plurality ofinformation items for different viewing positions with differentviewpoints may be acquired.

The composition process may a procedure and a method for performingcomposition in order to include, user experience, not just informationacquired by an image/voice input device, but also an image (video/image,etc.), a voice (audio/sound effect, etc.), a text (subtitle, etc.) froman external media.

The pre-processing process is a process of preparing (pre-processing)transmission/delivery of acquired 360 video, and may include theabove-described stitching, projection, region-wise packing, and/orencoding processes. That is, the pre-processing process may include apre-processing process and an encoding process to change/make up fordata of image/voice/text information according to intention of a personwho made the information. For example, the process of pre-processing animage may include: a step of mapping (stitching) acquired visualinformation on a 360 sphere; a step of performing calibration (editing)to remove a region boundary, reduce difference in color/brightness, orapply visual effects to an image; a (view segmentation) step ofsegmenting an image by viewpoints; a (projection) step of mapping animage on a 360 sphere into a 2D image; a (region-wise packing) step ofperforming region-wise packing of an image; and a step of encoding imageinformation. As shown in an example of a video side indicated byreference numeral 1320, a plurality of projection images from differentviewing positions according to different viewpoints may be generated.

The transmission process may refer to a process of processing andtransmitting image/voice data and metadata having undergone apreparation process (a pre-processing process). In order to deliver aplurality of items of image/voice data from different viewing positionsaccording to different viewpoints and metadata related thereto, acommunication network may be used or a unidirectional transmission maybe utilized, as described above.

The post-processing and composition processes may refer to apost-processing process for decoding received/stored video/audio/textdata and reproduce the same. For example, the post-processing processmay include an unpacking process of unpacking packed images, and are-projection process of restoring a 2D projected image into a 3Dspherical image.

The rendering process may refer to a process of rendering image/videodata re-projected in a 3D space and display the rendered data. In thiscourse, an image/voice signal may be reconfigured into a form suitableto be output. It is possible to track a viewing orientation in which aregion of interest for a user is present, a viewing position/headposition of the ROI, and a view point of the ROI, and necessaryimage/voice/text information only may be selectively used based on theinformation. In this case, an image signal may be selected with adifferent viewing position according to a user's ROI, and, as a result,an image of a specific direction from a specific viewing position at aspecific viewpoint may be output.

FIGS. 14A and 14B are an example of architecture of a 3DoF+ end-to-endsystem.

According to the architecture shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B, theabove-described 3DoF+360 content may be provided.

Referring to FIG. 14A, a 360 video transmission apparatus (transmissionpoint) may be composed largely of: a part (an acquisition unit) foracquiring 360 video (image)/audio data; a part (a video/audiopre-processor) for processing the acquired data; a part (a compositiongeneration unit) for compositing additional information; a part (anencoding unit) for encoding text, audio, and projected 360 video; and apart (an encapsulation unit) for encapsulating the encoded data. Asdescribed above, the encoded data may be output in a bitstream form, andthe encoded data may be encapsulated into a file format such as ISOBMFFand CFF or may be processed into the form of other DASH segment or thelike. The encoded data may be delivered to a 360 video receptionapparatus through a digital storage medium, or, although explicitlyillustrated, the encoded data may undergo a process necessary fortransmission by a transmission processor, as described above, and thentransmitted through a broadcast network or a broadband.

In the data acquisition part, different information items may beacquired simultaneously or continuously according to a sensororientation (a viewing orientation in an image), a sensor position (or aviewing position in an image), and a location at which a sensor acquiresinformation (or a viewpoint in an image), and, in this case, video,image, audio, viewpoint information, etc. may be acquired.

In the case of image data, texture information and depth information maybe acquired, and different video pre-processing may be performedaccording to characteristics of each component. For example, in the caseof texture information, a 360 omnidirectional image may be constructedusing images of different viewing orientations from the same viewingposition at the same viewpoint based on image sensor viewpointinformation, and, to this end, a stitching process may be performed. Inaddition, projection and/or region-wise packing may be performed tochange an image to a format to be encoded. For example, a depth imagemay be acquired usually by a depth camera, and, in this case, the depthimage may be made in the form of texture. Alternatively, depth data maybe generated based on additionally measured data. After each componentimage is generated, additional conversion (packing) is performed on acorresponding component into a video format for efficient compression orsub-picture generation is performed to reconfigure a correspondingcomponent into actually necessary portions by partitioning the same.Information on image configuration used in a video pre-processing stepis delivered through video metadata.

In the case where image/voice/text information given in addition toacquired data (or data to be primarily serviced) is provided, it isnecessary to provide information to composite the information and thedata at a final reproduction time. The composition generation unitgenerates information, which is used to composite externally generatedmedia data (video/image for an image, audio/effect sound for a voice,subtitle for a text, etc.) at a final reproduction step, according tointention of a producer, and the generated information is deliveredthrough composition metadata.

Image/voice/text information having underwent respective correspondingprocesses is compressed using corresponding respective encoders, andencapsulated by an application on the basis of a file/or segment unit.In this case, according to a file or segment configuration method, it ispossible to extract only necessary information (by a file extractor).

In addition, information necessary to reconfigure each data in areceiver is delivered on a codec level or a file format/system level,and, in this case, the data includes video/audio metadata forreconfiguring video/audio, composition metadata for overlay, viewingposition and viewpoint metadata on video/audio reproduction-allowedviewpoints and a viewing position dependent on each viewpoint, etc. Suchinformation may be processed by an additional metadata processor.

Referring to FIG. 14B, a 360 video reception apparatus (a receptionpoint) may be composed largely of: a part (a file/segment decapsulationunit) for decapsulating a received file or segment; a part (a decodingunit) for generating image/voice/text information based on a bit stream;a part (a post-processor) for reconfiguring image/voice text; a part (atracking unit) for tracking a user's ROI; and a display which is adisplay device.

Bit streams generated through decapsulation may be partitioned intoimage/voice/text according to a type of data and then individuallydecoded into a reproducible format.

In the tracking part, information on a viewpoint of a user's ROI, aviewing position at the corresponding viewpoint, and a viewingorientation from the corresponding viewing position may be generatedbased on information of a sensor and information of a user input, andthe generated information may be used to select or extract the ROI ineach module of the 360 video reception apparatus or to performpost-processing to highlight the ROI. In addition, if the generatedinformation is delivered to a 360 video transmission apparatus, thegenerated information may be used in various image reconfigurationmethods (viewport/viewing position/viewpoint dependent processing) forefficient bandwidth use.

A method for processing a decoded image signal may vary according to anyof various processing methods depending on an image configurationmethod. When image packing is performed in the 360 video transmissionapparatus, a process of reconfiguring an image based on informationdelivered through metadata is necessary. In this case, video metadatagenerated by the 360 video transmission apparatus may be used. Inaddition, in the case where the decoded image includes images ofmultiple-viewpoints, multiple viewing positions, or multiple viewingorientations, information matching with a viewpoint, a viewing position,or viewing orientation of a user's ROI generated through tracking may beselected and processed. In this case, viewing position and viewpointrelated metadata generated by the transmission point may be used. Inaddition, in the case where multiple components are delivered withrespect to a specific viewpoint, viewing position, or viewingorientation or video information for overlay is delivered additionally,a rendering process for respective corresponding information may beincluded. Video data (texture, depth, overlay) having gone through theadditional rendering process goes through a composition process, and, inthis case, composition metadata generated by the transmission point maybe used. As a result, information necessary to reproduce a viewportaccording to the user's ROI may be generated.

A decoded voice signal is used to generate a voice signal through anaudio renderer and/or post-processing. In this case, informationmatching with the user's demand may be generated based on information ona user's ROI and metadata delivered to the 360 video receptionapparatus.

A decoded text signal may be delivered to an overlay renderer to beprocessed into text-based overlay information such as subtitle. Ifnecessary, an additional text post-processing process may be included.

FIG. 15 is a diagram schematically showing examples of FLUSarchitecture.

FIG. 15 shows an example in which a User Equipment (UE) or another UE ora network perform communication a wireless communication system based onFramework for Live Uplink Streaming (FLUS). An FLUS source and an FLUSsink may transmit and receive data to and from each other using an Freference point.

In the present specification, an “FLUS source” may indicate an apparatusthat transmits data to a FLUS sink through the F reference point basedon FLUS. However, the FLUS source does not always transmit data to aFLUS sink, and, in some cases, the FLUS source may receive data from theFLUS sink through the F reference point. The FLUS source may beconstrued to be identical/similar to an image transmission apparatus or360 video transmission apparatus disclosed throughout the presentspecification, to include the image transmission apparatus or 360 videotransmission apparatus, or to be included in the image transmissionapparatus or 360 video transmission apparatus. The FLUS source may be aUE, a network, a server, a cloud server, a Set Top Box (STB), a basestation, a PC, a desktop, a laptop, a camera, a camcorder, a TV, and thelike and may be an component or module included in the exemplaryapparatuses, and furthermore apparatuses similar to the exemplaryapparatuses may operate as FLUS sources. Examples of the FLUS source arenot limited thereto.

In the present specification, an “FLUS sink” may indicate an apparatusthat receives data from an FLUS sink through a F reference point basedon FLUS. However, the FLUS source does not always receive data from theFLUS sink, and, in some cases, the FLUS sink may transmit data to theFLUS sink through the F reference point. The FLUS sink may be construedto be identical/similar to an image reception apparatus or 360 videoreception apparatus disclosed throughout the present specification, toinclude the image reception apparatus or 360 video reception apparatus,or to be included in the image reception apparatus or 360 videoreception apparatus. The FLUS sink may be a UE, a network, a server, acloud server, a Set Top Box (STB), a base station, a PC, a desktop, alaptop, a camera, a camcorder, a TV, and the like and may be ancomponent or module included in the exemplary apparatuses, andfurthermore apparatuses similar to the exemplary apparatuses may operateas FLUS sinks. Examples of the FLUS sink are not limited thereto.

Referring to FIG. 15, it is illustrated that an FLUS source and capturedevices compose one UE, but exemplary embodiments of the presentinvention are not limited thereto. The FLUS source may include capturedevices, and the FLUS source itself including the capture devices may bea UE. Alternatively, the capture devices may be not included in the UEand may transmit media information to a UE. The number of capturedevices may be one or more.

Referring to FIG. 15, it is illustrated that an FLUS sink, a renderingmodule (or unit), a processing module (or unit), and a distributionmodule (or unit) compose one UE or network, but exemplary embodiments ofthe present invention are not limited thereto. The FLUS sink may includeat least one of the rendering module, the processing module, or thedistribution module, and the FLUS sink itself including the renderingmodule, the processing module, and the distribution module may be a UEor network. Alternatively, at least one of the rendering module, theprocessing module, or the distribution module may be not included in aUE or network, and the FLUS sink may transmit media information to atleast one of the rendering module, the processing module, or thedistribution module. The number of rendering modules, the number ofprocessing modules, and the number of distribution modules may be atleast one, and, in some cases, some of them may not exist.

In one example, the FLUS sink may operate as a Media Gateway Function(MGW) and/or an Application Function (AF).

In FIG. 15, the F reference point connecting the FLUS source and theFLUS sink may allow the FLUS source to establish and control a singleFLUS session. In addition, the F reference point may enable the FLUSsink to authenticate and authorize the FLUS source. In addition, the Freference point may support a function of protecting security of theFLUS control plane (F-C) and the FLUS user plane (F-U).

In one embodiment, each of the FLUS source and the FLUS sink may includean FLUS ctrl module, and the respective FLUS ctrl modules of the FLUSsource and the FLUs sink may be connected through the F-C. The FLUS ctrlmodule and the F-C may provide a function of performing downstreamdistribution on a media in which the FLUs sink is uploaded, providemedia instantiation selection, and support configuration of staticmetadata for a session. In one example, when the FLUS sink is onlycapable of rendering, the F-C may not exist.

In one embodiment, the F-C may be used to establish and control an FLUSsession. The F-C may be used to allow the FLUS source to select a FLUSmedia instantiation such as MTSI, provide static metadata associatedwith a media session, and select and configure the processing anddistribution functions.

The FLUS media instance may be defined as part of the FLUS session. TheF-U may, in some cases, contain media stream establishment procedures,and a plurality of media streams may be generated for one FLUS session.

A media stream may include media components of a single content typesuch as audio, video, and text, and may include media components ofdifferent content types such as audio and video. The FLUS session may becomposed of a plurality of identical content types. For example, theFLUS session may be composed of a plurality of media streams for video.

In addition, in one embodiment, each of the FLUS source and the FLUSsink may include an FLUS media module, and the respective FLUS mediamodules of the FLUS source and the FLUs sink may be connected throughthe F-U. The FLUS media module and the F-U may provide a function ofgenerating one or more media sessions and a function of transmittingmedia data through a media stream. In some cases, a media sessionestablishment protocol (e.g., IMS session set-up for MTSI-based FLUS).

FIG. 16 is a diagram schematically showing an example of configurationof a 3DoF+ transmission point.

Referring to FIG. 16, if input data is an image output from a camera, atransmission point (a 360 video transmission apparatus) may perform astitching process for each viewpoint/viewing position/component toreconfigure a sphere image. When a sphere image for eachviewpoint/viewing position/component is configured, the image may beprojected into a 2D image for coding. According to an application, apacking process may be performed to pack multiple images into anintegrated image or an image may be partitioned into sub-pictures ofdetailed regions. As described above, region-wise packing may be anoptional process and thus may not be performed, and, in this case, apacking processor may be omitted. If the input data is image/voice/textadditional information, a method for adding the information to a centralimage to be displayed may be informed, and additional data may betransmitted together. An encoding process of generating a compressedimage and added data into a bit stream, and an encapsulation process oftransforming the bit stream into a file format for transmission orstorage may be performed. In this case, depending on a demand from anapplication or system, a process of extracting a file necessary for areceiver may be performed. The generated bit stream may be transformedinto a transmission format by a transmission processor and thentransmitted. In this case, a transmission-side feedback processor mayprocess viewpoint/viewing position/viewing orientation information andnecessary metadata based on information received from the receptionpoint so that the transmitter can process the information and themetadata.

FIG. 17 is a diagram schematically showing an example of configurationof a 3DoF+ receiver.

Referring to FIG. 17, a reception point (a 360 video receptionapparatus) may receive a bit stream transmitted from a transmissionpoint, and extract a necessary file from the bit stream. It is possibleto select an image stream in a generated file format usingviewpoint/viewing position/viewing orientation information and videometadata delivered from a feedback processor, and to reconfigure theselected bit stream into image information using a decoder. Packedimages may be unpacked based on packing information transmitted throughmetadata. If the packing process is omitted in the transmission point,unpacking in the reception point may be omitted as well. In addition, asnecessary, it is possible to perform a process of selecting an imagesuitable for a viewpoint/viewing position/viewing orientation deliveredfrom the feedback processor and a necessary component. It is possible toperform a rendering process of reconfiguring an image into a formatsuitable to reproduce texture, depth, overlay information of the image.Before generating a final image, a composition process may be performedto integrate information of different layers, and an image suitable fora display viewport may be generated and reproduced.

FIGS. 8A to 18C are diagrams showing an example of a plurality ofviewpoints in 360 content.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a user may performviewpoint switching based on a plurality of viewpoints under 3DoF,3DoF+, or 6DoF environments, thereby enabled to experience 360 videofrom diverse perspectives. In this case, a viewpoint on which viewpointswitching is allowed to be performed may be referred to as a hotspot.Because the hot spot indicates a viewpoint on which viewpoint switchingis allowed to be performed among viewpoints, the hotspot may beconstrued as a subordinate concept of a viewpoint. In some cases,however, the hotspot may be construed as a concept identical/similar toa viewpoint. Therefore, any “viewpoint” disclosed throughout the presentspecification may be replaced by a hotspot, and any “hotspot” disclosedthroughout the present specification may be replaced by a view point. Inaddition, hotspot-related information such as “hotspot metadata” may bealso replaced by “viewpoint metadata”.

In one embodiment, hotspots may be used in omnidirectional video,enabling a user to search for 360 environment at a plurality of viewpoints. In one example, circular diagrams shown in FIGS. 18A to 18C mayindicate hotspots. The circular diagrams in FIG. 18A may indicatelocations of hotspots in a 360 video scene, and, if the user approachesa specific hot spot using a mouse pointer, a keyboard, or his/her bodysuch as a finger, the circular diagram indicative of the hotspot mayincrease in size, as shown in FIG. 18B. If a user selects a specifichotspot by clicking, tapping, or inputting the same, viewpoint switchingindicating that a view point is switched to a clicked hotspot may beperformed, as shown in FIG. 18C.

As shown in FIGS. 18A to 18C, in order to perform viewpoint switchingbased on a hotspot, at least one of the following may be required:information on spherical coordinates of a hotspot center at which thehotspot is displayed; information on a duration for which the hotspot isdisplayed; information on content identifier to be reproduced ordisplayed when the hotspot is selected; information on a transitioneffect of when a viewpoint is switched to a new viewpoint to which ahotspot is applied; information on grouping of video tracks capable ofbeing switched in a 360 scene through hotspots.

In one embodiment, timed hotspot metadata may indicate hotspotinformation that enables a user to enjoy omnidirectional video based ona plurality of viewpoints. The timed hotspot metadata may include atleast one of the following: information on spherical coordinates of thecenter of hotspots; information on identifier of a video track to bereproduced when a hotspot is selected; and information on a transitioneffect of when a viewpoint is switched to a new viewpoint after thehotspot is selected. Meanwhile, it is easily understood by a personskilled in the art that the timed hotspot metadata may be called timedviewpoint metadata, timed metadata, viewpoint information, metadata,etc.

A 360-degree video transmission apparatus according to an embodiment ofthe present invention may generate metadata for 360-degree video data.More specifically, a metadata processor of the 360-degree videotransmission apparatus may generate metadata for 360-degree video data.

In one embodiment, the metadata may include information on viewpointgroup ID, and multiple-viewpoints related to the 360-degree video datamay be categorized into at least one viewpoint group based on theviewpoint group ID.

In one example, a process of categorizing the multiple-viewpointsrelated to the 360-degree video data into at least one viewpoint groupmay be based on hotspot video track grouping. TrackGroupTypeBox of whichtrack_group_type is “hots” may indicate that the corresponding track iscontained in tracks capable of being switched in a 360 scene throughhotspots. Tracks to be mapped to this grouping (that is, visual trackshaving the same track_group_id in TrackGroupTypeBox of whichtrack_group_type is “hots”) may belong to the same 360 environment/sceneand may be used for reproduction (play) of when viewpoint switching todifferent viewpoints through hotspots is performed. Informationaccording to this example may be signaled, as shown in the followingTable 1.

TABLE 1 aligned(8) class HotSpotVideoGroupBox extendsTrackGroupTypeBox(‘hots’) {   unsigned int(8) hot_spot_type;   stringhot_spot_description; }

In Table 1, hot_spot_type may indicate a type of hotspots in a 360environment/scene, and hot_spot_description may indicate anull-terminated Universal coded character set+ Transformation Format−8bit (UTF-8) string that provides textual description of the hotspots.The hot_spot_description may include a null-string.

Meanwhile, Table 1 is merely an example showing that multiple-viewpointsrelated to 360 video data are included in a specific group of whichtrack_group_type is “hots”. An example in which the multiple-viewpointsrelated to the 360-degree video data is categorized into at least oneviewpoint group may be expressed as in the following Table 2.

TABLE 2 aligned(8) class ViewpointGroupStruct( ) {   unsigned int(8)vwpt_group_id;   string vwpt_group_description; }

In Table 2, vwpt_group_id may indicate identifier information of aviewpoint group. All viewpoints in a viewpoint group may share a commonreference coordinate system. vwpt_group_description may indicate anull-terminated UTF-8 that describes a viewpoint group.

In one embodiment, TrackGroupTypeBox in Table 1, of whichtrack_group_type is “hots”, may correspond to vwpt_group_id in Table 2.In yet another embodiment, hot_spot_type in Table 1 may correspond tovwpt_group_id in Table 2.

Table 3 shows an example in which information on a location of a centerpoint of a specific viewpoint and information on a transition effect aresignaled based on a sample format of timed metadata fir a hotspot.

TABLE 3 aligned(8) class HotSpotSample( ) {   unsigned int(8)  num_hot_spots;   for (i = 0; i < num_hot_spots; i++) {    bit(7)reserved = 0;    unsigned int(1) transition_effect_flag[i];    signedint(32) hot_spot_azimuth[i];    signed int(32) hot_spot_elevation[i];   unsigned int(32) hot_spot_track_ID[i];    if (transition_effect_flag){      unsigned int(8) transition_effect_type[i];    }   } }

In Table 3, hot_spots indicates the number of hotspots provided througha hotspot sample format, and transition_effect_flag may indicate whethera specific transition effect is applied when a viewpoint is switched toa new viewpoint after a hotspot is selected. When transition_effect_flaghas a value of 0, it indicates that a viewpoint is directly switched toa specific hotspot without a transition effect. hot_spot_azimuth andhot_spot_elevation may indicate an azimuth angle and an elevation angleof a center point of one hotspot on global coordinate axes.

transition_effect_type may indicate transition effects of when aviewpoint is switched to a new viewpoint after a hotspot is selected.For example, transition effects as shown in the following Table 4 may beprovided.

TABLE 4 Value Description 0 Zoom-in effect to the hot spot point and goto the point 1 Walk though effect to the hot spot point 2-255 Reservedfor future extension

In the example shown in Table 4, when transition_effect_type has a valueof 0, it may indicate a zoom-in effect which is a transition effect ofzooming in to a specific viewpoint, and, when transition_effect_type hasa value of 1, it may indicate a walking-through effect which is atransition effect of walking toward a specific viewpoint.

Meanwhile, Table 3 is merely an example showing a location of a centerpoint of a specific viewpoint. Information on the location of the centerpoint of the specific view point may be expressed by Table 5.

TABLE 5 aligned(8) ViewpointPosStruct( ) {   signed int(32)viewpoint_pos_x;   signed int(32) viewpoint_pos_y;   signed int(32)viewpoint_pos_z;   unsigned int(1) viewpoint_gpspos_present_flag;  bit(31) reserved = 0;   if(viewpoint_gpspos_present_flag) {    signedint(32) viewpoint_gpspos_longitude;    signed int(32)viewpoint_gpspos_latitude;    signed int(32) viewpoint_gpspos_altitude;  } }

In Table 5, viewpoint_pos_x, viewpoint_pos_y, and viewpoint_pos_z mayindicate information on X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis of the specificviewpoint. When the viewpoint has a static position, viewpoint_pos_x,viewpoint_pos_y, and viewpoint_pos_z may represent X-axis, Y-axis, andZ-axis of the specific viewpoint, and, when the viewpoint has a dynamicposition, X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis of the specific viewpoint mayrepresent initial locations of the center point of the specificviewpoint.

In one embodiment, since hot_spot_azimuth and hot_spot_elevation inTable 3 indicates information on a location of a center point of aspecific view point, hot_spot_azimuth and hot_spot_elevation in Table 3may correspond to viewpoint_pos_x, viewpoint_pos_y, and viewpoint_pos_zin Table 5.

FIG. 19 is a flowchart showing an operation method of a 360-degree videotransmission apparatus according to an embodiment of the presentinvention, and FIG. 20 is a block diagram showing configuration of a360-degree video transmission apparatus according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.

Each step shown in FIG. 19 may be performed by the 360 videotransmission apparatus shown in FIG. 5, the 360 video transmissionapparatus shown in FIG. 14A, the FLUS source shown in FIG. 15, or the360 video transmission apparatus shown in FIG. 20. In one example, S1900in FIG. 19 may be performed by the data input unit of the 360 videotransmission apparatus shown in FIG. 5; S1910 in FIG. 19 may beperformed by the projection processor of the 360 video transmission datashown in FIG. 5; S1920 in FIG. 19 may be performed by the metadataprocessor shown in FIG. 5; S1930 in FIG. 19 may be performed by the dataencoder of the 360 video transmission apparatus shown in FIG. 5; S1940in FIG. 19 may be performed by the encapsulation processor of the 360video transmission apparatus shown in FIG. 5. Accordingly, as fordescription of each step in FIG. 19, detailed description redundant withthe description above provided with reference to FIGS. 5, 14A, and 15may be omitted or may be provided briefly.

As shown in FIG. 20, a 360-degree video transmission apparatus accordingto an embodiment of the present invention may include a data input unit,a projection processor, a metadata processor, a data encoder, and anencapsulation processor. In some cases, however, not all the elementshown in FIG. 20 are necessarily essential for the 360-degree videotransmission apparatus, and a 360-degree video transmission apparatusmay be implemented by components in a number more or less than elementsshown in FIG. 20.

In the 360-degree video transmission apparatus according to anembodiment of the present invention, the data input unit, the projectionprocessor, the metadata processor, the data encoder, and theencapsulation processor may be realized as separate chips or at leasttwo of them may be realized as one chip.

In the present specification, “360 video” and “360-degree video” mayimply the same subject despite slight difference in expression.Accordingly, the “360 video transmission apparatus” shown in FIG. 5 andthe “360-degree video transmission apparatus” shown in FIG. 20 mayperform the same/similar operations despite slight difference inexpression, and the “360 video reception apparatus” shown in FIG. 6 andthe 360-degree video reception apparatus” shown in FIG. 22 may performthe same/similar operations despite slight difference in expression.

Throughout the present specification, a “first viewpoint”, a “secondviewpoint”, a “third viewpoint”, and a “fourth viewpoint” arearbitrarily distinguished viewpoints included in 360-degree video data,and accordingly, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art thatthe aforementioned viewpoints indicate pre-defined viewpoints and thatthe ordinal numbers of the aforementioned viewpoints are not intended tobe limiting the present invention.

The 360-degree video transmission apparatus and the operation methodthereof in FIGS. 19 and 20 may partially correspond to a 360-degreevideo reception apparatus in FIGS. 21 and 22 and an operation methodthereof. Accordingly, description about some redundant operationstherebetween may be provided briefly or may be omitted.

The 360-degree video transmission apparatus according to an embodimentof the present invention may acquire 360-degree video data captured byat least one image obtaining device (S1900). More specifically, a datainput unit of the 360-degree video transmission apparatus may acquire360-degree video data captured by at least one image obtaining device.

The 360-degree video transmission apparatus according to an embodimentof the present invention may derive a 2D picture including anomnidirectional image by processing the 360-degree video data (S1910).More specifically, a projection processor of the 360-degree videotransmission apparatus may derive a 2D picture including anomnidirectional image by processing the 360-degree video data.

The 360-degree video transmission apparatus according to an embodimentof the present invention may generate metadata for the 360-degree videodata (S1920). More specifically, a metadata processor of the 360-degreevideo transmission apparatus may generate metadata for the 360-degreevideo data.

In one embodiment, the metadata may include information on viewpointgroup ID, and multiple-viewpoints related to the 360-degree video datamay be categorized into at least one viewpoint group based on theviewpoint group ID.

In one example, the multiple-viewpoints may include a first viewpointand a second viewpoint, and, when viewpoint group ID of the firstviewpoint and viewpoint group ID of the second viewpoint are identical,the first viewpoint and the second viewpoint may be included in a firstviewpoint group. More specifically, viewpoints having the same viewpointgroup ID among the multiple-viewpoints may be included in the samegroup.

In one example, the first viewpoint and the second viewpoint in thefirst viewpoint group may share a common reference coordinate system. Inaddition, the multiple-viewpoints may further include a third viewpointincluded in a second viewpoint group different from the first viewpointgroup, and a common reference coordinate system for third viewpoint maybe different from the common reference coordinate system for the firstviewpoint. More specifically, viewpoints included in the same groupamong the multiple-viewpoints may share a common reference coordinatesystem.

In one embodiment, the metadata may include description information forone of the at least one viewpoint group. In one example, the descriptioninformation may be based on a null-terminated UTF-8 string. Thedescription information may include a null string.

In one embodiment, the metadata may include information on a location ofa center point of a fourth viewpoint included in themultiple-viewpoints. In this case, the information on the location ofthe center point of the fourth viewpoint may be present based on acommon reference coordinate system.

In some embodiment, viewpoint switching between the first viewpoint andthe second viewpoint included din the first viewpoint group may beconducted. In this case, the metadata may include a transition effectflag indicating whether to apply a transition effect when the firstviewpoint is switched to the second viewpoint.

In one example, when the transition effect flag indicates 1, themetadata may include transition effect type information indicating atype of the transition effect. In a more specific example, thetransition effect type information may include at least one ofinformation on a zoom-in effect, which indicates a transition effect ofzooming in to the second viewpoint, and information on a walking-througheffect, which indicates a transition effect of talking toward the secondviewpoint.

The 360-degree video transmission apparatus according to one embodimentof the present invention may encode information on the 2D picture(S1930). More specifically, the data encoder of the 360-degree videotransmission apparatus may encode the information on the 2D picture.

The 360-degree video transmission apparatus according to one embodimentof the present invention may perform encapsulation based on theinformation on the 2D picture and metadata (S1940). The encapsulationprocessor of the 360-degree video transmission apparatus may performencapsulation based on the information on the 2D picture and themetadata.

According to the 360-degree video transmission apparatus and theoperation method thereof in FIGS. 19 and 20, the 360-degree videotransmission apparatus according to an embodiment may acquire 360-degreevideo data captured by at least one image obtaining device (S1900),derive a 2D picture including an omnidirectional image by processing the360-degree video data (S1910), generate metadata for the 360-degreevideo data (S1920), encode information on the 2D picture (S1930), andperform encapsulation based on the information on the 2D picture and themetadata (S1940), and, in this case, the metadata may includeinformation on viewpoint group ID and multiple-viewpoints related to the360-degree video data may be categorized into at least one view pointgroup based on the viewpoint group ID. Accordingly, viewpoint switchingbetween multiple-viewpoints in 360-degree video, especially betweenviewpoints included in the same viewpoint group, may be performedsmoothly.

FIG. 21 is a flowchart showing an operation method of a 360-degree videoreception apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention,and FIG. 22 is a block diagram showing configuration of a 360-degreevideo reception apparatus according to an embodiment of the presentinvention.

Each step shown in FIG. 21 may be performed by the 360-degree videoreception apparatus shown in FIG. 6, the 360-degree video receptionapparatus shown in FIG. 14B, the FLUS sink shown in FIG. 15, or the360-degree video reception apparatus shown in FIG. 22. In one example,S2100 and S2110 in FIG. 21 may be performed by the reception processorof the 360-degree video reception apparatus shown in FIG. 6; S2120 inFIG. 21 may be performed by the data decoder of the 360-degree videoreception data shown in FIGS. 6; and S2130 in FIG. 21 may be performedby the renderer shown in FIG. 6. Accordingly, as for description of eachstep in FIG. 21, detailed description redundant with the descriptionabove provided with reference to FIGS. 6, 14B, and 15 may be omitted ormay be provided briefly.

As shown in FIG. 22, the 360-degree video reception apparatus accordingto an embodiment may include a reception processor, a data decoder, anda renderer. In some cases, however, not all the elements shown in FIG.22 are essential elements of the 360-degree video reception apparatus,and the 360-degree video reception apparatus may be implemented byelements in a number more or less than the number of elements shown inFIG. 22.

In the 360-degree video reception apparatus according to an embodimentof the present invention, the reception processor, the data decoder, andthe renderer may be realized as separate chips or at least two of theelements may be realized as one chip.

The 360-degree video reception apparatus according to an embodiment ofthe present invention may receive information on 360-degree video data(S2100). More specifically, the reception processor of the 360-degreevideo reception apparatus may receive information on the 360-degreevideo data.

In one embodiment, the 360-degree video reception apparatus may receiveinformation on 360-degree video data from a 360-degree videotransmission apparatus, and the information on the 360-degree video datamay, for example, include a file derived by perform encapsulation by the360-degree transmission apparatus based on information on an encodedpicture and metadata for the 360-degree video data. However, examples ofthe 360-degree video data are not limited thereto.

The 360-degree video reception apparatus according to an embodiment ofthe present invention may acquire the information on the encoded pictureand the metadata for the 360-degree video data from the information onthe 360-degree video data (S2110). More specifically, the receptionprocessor, the metadata parser, or the decapsulation processor of the360-degree video reception apparatus may acquire information on anencoded picture and metadata from the 360-degree video data.

In one embodiment, the metadata may include information on viewpointgroup ID, and multiple-viewpoints related to the 360-degree video datamay be categorized into at least one viewpoint group based on theviewpoint group ID.

In one example, the multiple-viewpoints may include a first viewpointand a second viewpoint, and, when viewpoint group ID of the firstviewpoint and viewpoint group ID of the second viewpoint are identical,the first viewpoint and the second viewpoint may be included in a firstviewpoint group. More specifically, viewpoints having the same viewpointgroup ID among the multiple-viewpoints may be included in the samegroup.

In one example, the first viewpoint and the second viewpoint in thefirst viewpoint group may share a common reference coordinate system. Inaddition, the multiple-viewpoints may further include a third viewpointincluded in a second viewpoint group different from the first viewpointgroup, and a common reference coordinate system for third viewpoint maybe different from the common reference coordinate system for the firstviewpoint. More specifically, viewpoints included in the same groupamong the multiple-viewpoints may share a common reference coordinatesystem.

In one embodiment, the metadata may include description information forone of the at least one viewpoint group. In one example, the descriptioninformation may be based on a null-terminated UTF-8 string. Thedescription information may include a null string.

In one embodiment, the metadata may include information on a location ofa center point of a fourth viewpoint included in themultiple-viewpoints. In this case, the information on the location ofthe center point of the fourth viewpoint may be present based on acommon reference coordinate system.

In some embodiment, viewpoint switching between the first viewpoint andthe second viewpoint included din the first viewpoint group may beconducted. In this case, the metadata may include a transition effectflag indicating whether to apply a transition effect when the firstviewpoint is switched to the second viewpoint.

In one example, when the transition effect flag indicates 1, themetadata may include transition effect type information indicating atype of the transition effect. In a more specific example, thetransition effect type information may include at least one ofinformation on a zoom-in effect, which indicates a transition effect ofzooming in to the second viewpoint, and information on a walking-througheffect, which indicates a transition effect of talking toward the secondviewpoint.

The 360-degree video reception apparatus according to an embodiment ofthe present invention may decode the encoded picture based on theinformation on the encoded picture (S2120). More specifically, the datadecoder of the 360-degree video reception apparatus may decode theencoded picture based on the information on the encoded picture.

The 360-degree video reception apparatus according to an embodiment ofthe present invention may render the decoded picture based on themetadata (S2130). More specifically, the renderer of the 360-degreevideo reception apparatus may render the decoded picture based on themetadata.

The 360-degree video reception apparatus and the operation methodthereof shown in FIGS. 21 and 22, the 360-degree video receptionapparatus may receive information on 360-degree video data (S2100),acquire information on an encoded picture and metadata from the360-degree video data (S2110), decode the encoded picture based on theinformation on the encoded picture (S2120), and render the decodedpicture based on the metadata (S2130). In this case, the metadata mayinclude information on viewpoint group ID, and multiple-viewpointsrelated to the 360-degree video data may be categorized into at leastone viewpoint group based on the viewpoint group ID. Accordingly,viewpoint switching between multiple-viewpoints in 360-degree video,especially between viewpoints included in the same viewpoint group, maybe performed smoothly.

The above-described parts, modules, or units may be processors orhardware parts that execute consecutive processes stored in a memory (ora storage unit). The steps described in the above-described embodimentscan be performed by processors or hardware parts. Themodules/blocks/units described in the above-described embodiments canoperate as hardware/processors. In addition, the methods proposed by thepresent invention can be executed as code. Such code can be written on aprocessor-readable storage medium and thus can be read by a processorprovided by an apparatus.

In the above exemplary systems, although the methods have been describedon the basis of the flowcharts using a series of the steps or blocks,the present invention is not limited to the sequence of the steps, andsome of the steps may be performed at different sequences from theremaining steps or may be performed simultaneously with the remainingsteps. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that thesteps shown in the flowcharts are not exclusive and may include othersteps or one or more steps of the flowcharts may be deleted withoutaffecting the scope of the present invention.

When the embodiments of the present invention are implemented insoftware, the above-described method may be implemented by modules(processes, functions, and so on) that perform the functions describedabove. Such modules may be stored in memory and executed by a processor.The memory may be internal or external to the processor, and the memorymay be coupled to the processor using various well known means. Theprocessor may comprise an application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC), other chipsets, a logic circuit and/or a data processing device.The memory may include a ROM (read-only memory), a RAM (random accessmemory), a flash memory, a memory card, a storage medium, and/or otherstorage device.

The internal components of the above-described apparatuses may beprocessors which execute consecutive processes stored in a memory orhardware components. These components may be located inside/outside theapparatuses.

The above-described modules may be omitted or replaced by other moduleswhich perform similar/identical operations according to embodiments.

The above-described parts, modules or units may be processors orhardware parts executing consecutive processes stored in a memory (or astorage unit). The steps described in the aforementioned embodiments canbe performed by processors or hardware parts. Modules/blocks/unitsdescribed in the above embodiments can operate as hardware/processors.The methods proposed by the present invention can be executed as code.Such code can be written on a processor-readable storage medium and thuscan be read by a processor provided by an apparatus.

In the above exemplary systems, although the methods have been describedbased on the flowcharts using a series of the steps or blocks, thepresent invention is not limited to the sequence of the steps, and someof the steps may be performed at different sequences from the remainingsteps or may be performed simultaneously with the remaining steps.Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the stepsshown in the flowcharts are not exclusive and may include other steps orone or more steps of the flowcharts may be deleted without affecting thescope of the present invention.

When the embodiments of the present invention are implemented insoftware, the above-described method may be implemented by modules(processes, functions, and so on) that perform the functions describedabove. Such modules may be stored in memory and executed by a processor.The memory may be internal or external to the processor, and the memorymay be coupled to the processor using various well known means. Theprocessor may comprise an application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC), other chipsets, a logic circuit and/or a data processing device.The memory may include a ROM (read-only memory), a RAM (random accessmemory), a flash memory, a memory card, a storage medium, and/or otherstorage device.

According to the present invention, it is possible to efficientlytransmit VR content (360 content) in an environment that supportsnext-generation hybrid broadcast using a territorial broadcastingnetwork and the Internet network.

According to the present invention, it is possible to provideinteractive experience to a user who is enjoying 360 content.

According to the present invention, it is possible to efficientlydeliver 360 content information necessary for a user, while increasing atransmission capacity.

According to the present invention, it is possible to efficiently storeand transmit signaling information on 360-degree video data using anInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO)-based media fileformat such as an ISO base media file format (ISOBMFF).

According to the present invention, it is possible to transmit signalinginformation on 360-degree video data through HyperText Transfer Protocol(HTTP)-based adaptive streaming, such as Dynamic Adaptive Streaming overHTTP (DASH).

According to the present invention, it is possible to store and transmitsignaling information on 360-degree video data through Supplementalenhancement information (SEI) message or Video Usability Information(VUI), thereby enhancing overall transmission efficiency.

According to the present invention, it is possible to perform viewpointswitching between multiple-viewpoints in 360-degree video.

According to the present invention, it is possible to perform viewpointswitching between multiple hotspots in 360-degree video.

What is claimed is:
 1. A 360-degree video data processing methodperformed by a 360-degree video transmission apparatus, the methodcomprising: obtaining 360-degree video data; deriving a two-dimensional(2D) picture by processing the 360-degree video data; generatingmetadata; encoding the 2D picture; and performing encapsulation based onthe encoded picture and the metadata, wherein: the metadata comprisesinformation that viewpoints are dynamically switching over time, and theinformation comprises a group identification which indicates a groupidentifier, the metadata comprises a transition effect flag indicatingwhether to apply a transition effect when viewpoint switching, themetadata comprises transition effect type information when thetransition effect flag indicates a predetermined value, and thetransition effect type information comprises information on a zoom-ineffect when a value of a transition effect type is 0 and the transitioneffect type information comprises information on a walking-througheffect when the value of the transition effect type is
 1. 2. The methodof claim 1, wherein: multiple-viewpoints related to the 360-degree videodata are categorized into at least one viewpoint group based on thegroup identification, the multiple-viewpoints comprise a first viewpointand a second viewpoint, and when a group identification of the firstviewpoint and a group identification of the second viewpoint are same,the first viewpoint and the second viewpoint are comprised in a firstviewpoint group.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the first viewpointand the second viewpoint comprised in the first viewpoint group share acommon reference coordinate system.
 4. The method of claim 2, whereinthe multiple-viewpoints comprise a third viewpoint which is comprised ina second viewpoint group different from the first viewpoint group, andwherein a common reference coordinate system for the first viewpoint anda common reference coordinate system for the third viewpoint aredifferent from each other.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein themetadata comprises description information for one of the at least oneviewpoint group.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the descriptioninformation is based on a null-terminated UTF-8 (Universal codedcharacter set+Transformation Format-8 bit) string.
 7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the metadata comprises information on location of acenter point of a fourth viewpoint comprised in the multiple-viewpoints.8. The method of claim 7, wherein the information on the location of thecenter point of the fourth viewpoint is represented based on a commonreference coordinate system of a viewpoint group comprising the fourthviewpoint.
 9. The method of claim 3, wherein viewpoint switching isperformed between the first viewpoint and the second viewpoint includedin the first viewpoint group.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein thetransition effect is applied when the first view point is switched tothe second view point upon the viewpoint switching.
 11. A 360-degreevideo transmission apparatus for processing 360-degree video data, theapparatus comprising: a projection processor configured to derive atwo-dimensional (2D) picture by processing 360-degree video data; ametadata processor configured to generate metadata; a data encoderconfigured to encode the 2D picture; and an encapsulation processorconfigured to perform encapsulation based on the 2D picture and themetadata, wherein: the metadata comprises information that viewpointsare dynamically switching over time, and the information comprises agroup identification which indicates a group identifier, the metadatacomprises a transition effect flag indicating whether to apply atransition effect when viewpoint switching, the metadata comprisestransition effect type information when the transition effect flagindicates a predetermined value, and the transition effect typeinformation comprises information on a zoom-in effect when a value of atransition effect type is 0 and the transition effect type informationcomprises information on a walking-through effect when the value of thetransition effect type is
 1. 12. A 360-degree video data processingmethod performed by a 360-degree video reception apparatus, the methodcomprising: receiving 360-degree video data including encoded picture;obtaining metadata of the 360-degree video data; decoding the encodedpicture; and rendering the decoded picture based on the metadata,wherein: the metadata comprises information that viewpoints aredynamically switching over time, and the information comprises a groupidentification which indicates a group identifier, the metadatacomprises a transition effect flag indicating whether to apply atransition effect when viewpoint switching, the metadata comprisestransition effect type information when the transition effect flagindicates a predetermined value, and the transition effect typeinformation comprises information on a zoom-in effect when a value of atransition effect type is 0 and the transition effect type informationcomprises information on a walking-through effect when the value of thetransition effect type is
 1. 13. A 360-degree video reception apparatusfor processing 360-degree video data, the apparatus comprising: areceiver configured to receive 360-degree video data including encodedpicture; a data decoder configured to decoded the encoded picture; and arenderer configured to render the decoded picture based on metadataderived from the 360-degree video data, wherein: the metadata comprisesinformation that viewpoints are dynamically switching over time, and theinformation comprises a group identification which indicates a groupidentifier, the metadata comprises a transition effect flag indicatingwhether to apply a transition effect when viewpoint switching, themetadata comprises transition effect type information when thetransition effect flag indicates a predetermined value, and thetransition effect type information comprises information on a zoom-ineffect when a value of a transition effect type is 0 and the transitioneffect type information comprises information on a walking-througheffect when the value of the transition effect type is 1.